_8FIRE DEPARTMENT (214)450-7200 FAX (214)450-7208 ADDIsoN ip.. i %SPAi!¥Wl¥ hlP • d 0 i, " PG8t Office Box 144 Addison, Texas 15001 4198 Airport Parkway MAXI-LIFT INC. SPECIFICATION
SUMMARY INDEX Document A Maxi-Lift Inc. letter and proposal to Fire Dept. requesting waiver in code requirements. Fire Dept. ! memos and response letter. I DocumentB Portions ofArticle
81 of 1991ed. Uniform Fire Code which is adopted by city and enforced by Fire Department. These sections show the requirement for smoke and heat venting as for this application. DocumentC
Formal interpretation of the Uniform Fire Code from International Fire Code Institute. Pursuant to the removal of smoke and heat vents. International Fire Code Institute, this organization
is responsible for writing the fire codes. DocnmentD Portions ofthe 1994ed. Uniform Fire Code, Article 81. This edition has not been adopted by city as of now. However, this edition
should be adopted early in 1995. This edition contains the same requirements for smoke and heat venting in regards to this application. Please note D-14 to D-16. This is the Uniform
Fire Code Standards concerning smoke and heat venting. The Standards Manual gives explanations and interpretations to the code. DocumentE National Fire Protection Association (NFP A)
standards for ESFR sprinkler systems. This standard illustrates the many different standards that address an ESFR system. DocumentF NFPA standard for warehousing. F-2 addresses smoke
and heat venting. DocumentG Factory Mutual study presented by Maxi-Lift as the basis oftheir request. 1 I 
Maxi-lift.inc. AUGUST 17, 1994 MAXI-LIFT, INC. PROPOSED WAREHOUSE AND MIDWAY ROAD, ADDISON, MANUFACTURING TEXAS FACILITY SUBJECT: FIRE CODES ON SMOKE VENTS AND DRAFT 􀁓􀁕􀁒􀁒􀁏􀁾􀁾􀁉􀁎􀁇􀀠THE
CITY OF ADDISON. CURTAINS OF CITIES 1) DAVID SESSIONS CITY OF DALLAS (CODE SUPERVISOR) -948-4480 THE CITY OF DALLAS REMOVED CURTAINS IN BUILDINGS THAT ALL CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR SMOKE
VENTS AND HAVE ANY TYPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN 1985. DRAFT 2) CHARLES HOSEY (FIRE CHIEF) CITY OF CARROLLTON -466-3070 ELIMINATED THE CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR SMOKE VENTS AND DHAFT CURTAINS
WHEN USING AN ESFR SPRINKLER SYSTEM. STILL REQUIRE MELT DROP OUT PANELS (WHICH ARE MUCH CHEAPER THAN SMOKE VENTS). 3) STEVE BOONE (CODE SUPERVISOR) CITY OF RICHARDSON -238-4160 SMOKE
VENTS ONLY REQUIRED WITH A SPACE GREATER THAN 250 FEET FROM AN EXIT DOOR. MAXI-LIFT'S WAREHOUSE HAS NO AREA GREATER THAN 250 FEET FROM DOOR AND THUS WOULD NOT BE REQUIRED TO USE SMOKE
VENTS. NO DRAFT CURTAINS ARE REQUIRED BY CITY CODE. 4) HAY KIRBY (BUILDING CODE CITY OF PLANO -578-7209 OFFICAL) PLANO IS IN THE PROCESS OF REVISING CODE REQUIREMENTS IN VIEW OF THE
SYSTEM AND IS CURRENTLY GIVING RELIEF TO PROPOSED BUILDING OWNERS ON CASE BASIS. ESFR SPRINKLER A CASE BY FURTHER: PER THE ATTACHED INFORMATION, FACTORY MUTUAL STATES THAT AS A RESULT
OF THEIR TESTING, SMOKE VENTS SHOULD BE AVOIDED WHEN USING AN ESFR SPRINKLER SYSTEM. THEY MAY, IN FACT, EVEN FUEL THE FIRE UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS. CONCLUSION: I BELIEVE THE ABOVE INFORMATION
CLEARLY INDICATES THE RE-EVALUATE THEIR SMOKE VENT FIRE CODE POLICY, AS ALL US HAVE. CITY OF ADDISON NEEDS TO THE CITIES SURROUNDING P.O. BOX 11-0518 • CARROllTON, TEXAS 75011·0518 1223
CROWLEY DRIVE. CARROllTON. TEXAS 75006 (214) 245·2542 U.S. WATS (800) 527·0657 
08/02/94 14:16 'a'214 661 1402 FACTORY 􀁾􀁉􀁕􀁔􀁕􀁁􀁌􀀠 , 􀀱􀀴􀁬􀁾􀀠 o 0 "(tv o Factory Mutual Engineering FAX TRANSMISSION MEMORANDUM DATE: August 1, 1994 PLEASE DELIVER THE FOLLOWING
MESSAGE TO: NAME: Mr. Vic Sahm COMPANY: Maxilift FAX: 242-8203 RE: Smoke Vents with ESFR Sprinkler Protection De«;r Mr. Sahm: 12222 Merit Drive, Swite 1800 De'la•. Texas 75251·3209 Telephone
!2141 661·9202 rax (214) 661-1402 I have enclosed page 2 from the Factory Mutu«l Data Sheet 2-2. Please refer to the marked p«ragraphs. The data sheet indicates from testing it has been
concluded that smokes vents «re not needed for ESFR sprinkler protection. Also the ESFR sprinkler design will not «llow a fire to produce «s much smoke as conventional sprinklers since
ESFR protection is considered a suppression mode type protection where as conventional sprinklers are of the control mode. This means ESFR's are designed to put out a fire where-as conventional
sprinklers are only designed to control the fire until manual fire fighting can extinguish it. Per our conversation you indicated some interest in finding 􀁭􀁯􀁲􀁥􀁾􀀠about one of our
insurance companies. I have listed the name of the insurance company and « contact. If you should have any further questions please feel free to call. Regards, 􀀻􀀿􀀿􀀴􀀯􀁾􀁾􀁾􀀮􀀠 Michael
P. Herrmann Loss Prevention Consultant Dallas District Office Encl: page 2 of D.S. 2-2 MPH/mph 􀁁􀀭􀀩􀀯􀁾􀁊􀀮􀀮􀀠... Ie... 􀁾􀁉􀀠J::rt 􀁓􀁾􀁲􀀺􀀺􀀠 qq /-3737 􀀢􀀯􀁾􀀬􀂣􀁴􀀠 , o ., o
" 
08/02194 14:17 '5"214 661 1402 FACTORY MUTUAL 􀁦􀁩􀀡􀁊􀁏􀁏􀁾􀀠 <A:v 2-2 EARLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS Page 2 If provided, ceilings should bt:!' of substantial construction,
capable of withstanding fire plume uplift velocity pressures 0' at least 3 Ib{sq It (14.6 kglsq mI. Malenal SlJlIable for such a purpose includes :V. in. (0,95 cm) Plywood. 'Ie: in.
(0.95 cm) gypsum board. corrugated or sheet Sleel, or minel'al We. Sheets of these materials should be securely fastened to the supporting frnmework. HOld-down clips typieal of the type
used to anchor ceiling tiles in Halon 1301 installa!iOns will suffice for use With mineral tile, If the ceiling is hung from the existing rool framework. it should be verified thai the
root can withstand the additional dead load, 2.2.2 Sleel Protcction W/1el1 ESFR sprlnl<ler syslems are installed in accordance with this data sheet. fife prOlec{lOn Or roof and COlumn
steel is not needed, DC 2.2.3 Heal and Smoke Vemlrrg Recommended prolection IS based on construction without root 􀁶􀁥􀁾􀁴􀁳􀀮􀀠Fire tests have not shown automatic vents to be COst effective;
1hey may even increase sp(inkler water demand. ihu5. the use or permanent he8t /.\nd smoke vents should be avoided If vents are unavoidable. they 􀁓􀁨􀁏􀁾􀁊􀁬􀁤􀀠be the manually oper·
ated type, ,or equipped with fusible links rated at ra 􀁭􀁦􀁮􀁩􀁾􀀠 mum 360"F (182'CI. Oroo-oul {or melt-oul) type plasllc venls should not be used because they cannot be arranged for
manual or delayed operaUon. ESFR sprinklers. as compared to conventional sprinklers, a=-e expected to reduce greatly :he amount of smoke gener. ated during A fin!!. As an alternative
to aulomatic roof vents, smoke removal during mop-up operations can frequently 1)9 achieved througn. eave-line WUiOOWS, doors. r:'lOI''UtOr'S. nonautomatic exhaust systems (gravily Or
mechanical), or manvafly operatl2:d heat and smoke ver'l1s, Fire oepat1menls can cut holes :n steel or wood roofs and alSO :.Jse smoke exhausters. 2.2.4 Draft Curtains Draft curtains
are iniended iniended 10r use In two ways: 1} in com· bination with heat and sl'nOke v€nts as required by build· ing codes to subdivide root areas. and; 2} to divide roof areas protected
by ESFR sprinklerS from rOOf areas pl'O. !ecied by conventional sprinklers. Both applicatIons are discussed as follows: 1. Draft curtains used in conJunclion with hear or smoke vents
shoutd be avoided. il possible. With me early fire suppression expected. it is aflticipaled tnat drat! curtains will provide little benefit because heat and smoke 􀁧􀁾􀁮􀁥􀁲􀁡􀁴􀁬􀁡􀁮􀀠will
be m!nH7iized, Also, in,sprinklered storage (ireS. smoke is generally driven to 1100r level once 􀁳􀁰􀁾􀁲􀁩􀁮􀁫􀁬􀁥􀁲􀁳􀀠operatG'. If draft curtains muSl be installed. they should be
limited In depth and located with respect to sprinklers so that the glJidelines in Table 2 are follo-#ed. The obstruction :0 sprinkler discharge which would be created by an 'Improperly
df:lsigned 􀁤􀁾􀁡􀁦􀁴􀀠curtain could adversely aHect sprinkler system performance, The need to avoid ot)slfuctions to sprinkler discharge f8( outweighs the benefits which may (or may
not} be derived fr'om instaflit\Q the draft curtains in Ihe firsl place. "2,' A draft curtain shouJd be 􀁩􀁮􀁳􀀮􀁴􀁡􀁬􀁾􀁥􀁤􀀠between areas protected by ESFR sprinklers ami areas protected
by other types of sprinklers. TillS applies in all cases, whElther 1he (OOfS over the two a'mas a're .at the same elevation or at dif. feren! elevations. The drah curtains should extend
at least 4 ft 11,.1(;"') below Ihe ceiling. be noncombustible and fit lightly against the underside of .the roof. Maintain a Clear aisle at least 5 ft (1.5 m) on each side of the cente:r:ine
beneath the draf1 curta'in. ESFR sprinklers may operate unnecessarily and deplete waler supplies if a fire OCCurs in the are? protected by other, standard·response "type sprinklers,unless
physical separation between Ihe 1'."10 areas js provided. 2.3 Storage Arc&ngement$ ESFR sprinklers are inteode\J t91.·use as proteCtion lor a wide range 01 storages. They can be used
to protect paneti7.ed and solid-piled storage. bin box. and open-frame 􀀤􀁩􀁮􀁧􀁬􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁯􀁷􀀬􀀠double-row, muIHple-row, and portable rack storage ol most common matelials of any height
up 10 25 It (7,5 m) high. in buildings ol'any height up 10 30 f! (9.1 m) high. Lesser storage heights in buildings less than 30 f! (9.1 m) high can also be plOtected as outiined in this
data sheet. . Specific commodities proteclable by ESFR sprinklers Include: • Glass I. II. III and IV commodities. encapsulated or unencapsutated; • unexpended and expanded plastics inside
cardboard or paper cartons. encapsulaled or unencapsulaled i sotid live,slded totally noncombustlbte containers used to store commodilles having a hazard tevel of expanded plastics or
less: . • certain rolt paper 􀁳􀁴􀁯􀁲􀁥􀁧􀁾􀀠as covered in 081a Sheet 8-2.1 S. Roll Paper Storage Willl ESFR Sprinklers: .. certain aerosol 􀀤􀁴􀁯􀁲􀁡􀁧􀁾􀀠as covered In the Technical
Advisory Bulletin (filed with Data Sheet 7-295), entitled Storage of Aerosol Producrs E'SFR Protection, SpecHic cOr:'lmodilies and stor!3ge arrangements tor which ESI'R sprinklers cannot
be used "'e: · 􀀮􀁅􀁸􀁐􀀭􀁾􀁓􀁥􀁤􀀠plastics wnich have·nOI been successfully tested; .. ,flammable Or .combustjbll;! Iiquics in plastic or metal container)! (except Ctass III combclslible
liquids in closed metal contain(us): racks wHh solid shelves (Le., shG!lvt'-s greater than 20 sq II [1.9 sq ml in area); open-lOp combuslible containets; Unusual commOdities or storage
arrangements which hAve not been jUdgEld, by either testing or anatysis, to be appropriale for ESFR sprinkler pfOIection. 
FIRE DEPARTMENT (214) 450-7200 FAX (214) 450-7206 Post 􀁏􀁦􀁦􀁩􀁾􀀠Box 144 Add.iaon. Texas 7$001 4798 Airport Parkway August 23, I 994 Mr. Vic Sahm Maxi-Lift Inc. 1223 Crowley Drive
Carrollton, Texas 75006 Dear Mr. Sahm: Funher to your meeting of August 19, 1994 with Chief Wallingford, please be advised that the Prevention Division was instructed to funher research
the smoke and heat vent requirements and ESFR sprinkler systems. The information was complied and upon funher review, the Fire Department's position on this issue remains unchanged.
We would cenainly welcome your business to Addison but you should understand that the construction of the building must comply with Aniele 81 of the Uniform Fire Code 1991 and in principle,
the installation of smoke and heat vents as stated by the code. The Fire Prevention Division has found nothing to support your request for the waiver and elimination of this requirement
but has, in fact, found substantial documentation to contradict your proposal. Please note that at this time, the water line supplying the required fIre hydrants {a minimum of six (6)}
will have to remain as a looped system. However, should you supply this office with proper documentation from a certifIed, registered engineering firm that states the water flow from
a "dead end line", non-looped system, is sufficient to supply an ESFR sprinkler system and support fire fIghting effons, this office would then consider an alternative method. This would
require a submittal of hydraulic calculations and drawings on the ESFR sprinkler system and related fire pump capacity . . . . 2/continued 
Mr. VicSahm Maxi-Lift Inc. Carrollton, Texas August 23, 1994 Page 2 of2 Also, please be advised of a further requirement which will be necessary for your company to comply with. The
Uniform Fire Code, Article 81, Section 81.103, mandates that any building used for high-piled combustible storage is required to have a pennit issued by the Fire Prevention Division.
A representative ofyour company will need to make application for this pennit after all other Fire Department requirements are met. Please do not hesitate to contact my office, should
you have any questions, comments or concerns regarding this matter. im Stephens Fire Prevention Officer ADDISON FIRE DEPARTMENT JGS/le cc Bob Wallingford, Fire Chief Lynn Chandler, Building
Official Carmen Moran, City Secretary 
􀀭􀁾􀀠 FmE DEPARTMENT (214) 450-7200 FAX (214)456-7208 ADDisoN Post Office Box 144 Addison, TexDB 75001 4798 Airport ParkwllY MEMORANDUM August 24,1994 TO: Bob Wallingford, Fire Chief/Fire
Marshal FROM: Bruce A. Mueller, lnspectorllnvestigator 􀁃􀀯􀁾􀀠 SUBJECT Fire Code Requirements on Smoke and Heat Venting ofCities Around Addison Based on the information received from
Maxi-Lift, Inc. on their proposed warehouse and manufacturing facility on Midway Rd. I surveyed the same cities and received some different information. Draft curtains were not covered
in my questions since we are not requiring them anyway. I) Jerry Dempster (Fire Protection Engineer) Dallas Fire Department -670-3782 Dallas did indeed remove requirements for smoke
and heat venting in buildings with approved automatic sprinkler systems in 1985. This change was apparently based on conclusions of the Shirmer Report (a staffing study of the Dallas
Fire Department) that they were not necessary. Dallas has adequate manpower to manually ventilate even a large warehouse type structure by cutting the roof 2) Charles Hosey (Fire Marshal)
Carrollton Fire Department -466-3210 Based upon Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data Sheet 2-2 and appendix information in NFP A 23 I, Standard for General Storage and NFP A 231 C, Standard
for Rack Storage of Materials, Carrollton changed requirements by policy. They do not require automatic smoke and heat venting ifan approved ESFR sprinkler system is installed. Melt
drop out panels are required as well as capability to use mechanical ventilation equipment for smoke removal. We have discovered that Factory Mutual's recommendations may be misguided
and NFP A's appendices state that vents should not be open prior to sprinkler activation and that design curve data is based on roof vents not being used. Our fire code as adopted requires
use of automatic smoke and heat vents and recommends setting to activate after sprinkler activation. 
Memorandum Smoke and Heat Venting Page 2 3) Steve Boone (Code Supervisor) Richardson Building Department -238-4180 Richardson uses Southern Standard codes, as opposed to Uniform codes
which are used by almost every other municipality in the Metroplex. Southern Standard codes consider exit travel distance for the occupants and do not consider smoke removal for manual
fire fighting and overhaul operations. 4) David Kerr (Fire Protection Engineer) Plano Fire Department -578-7161 Plano evaluates requirements for this type facility on a case-by-case
basis based on commodity, building area, storage height, etc. (per 1991 UFC Article 81). A 100,000+ sq ft plastics manufacturing/storage facility with storage above IS ft would need
smokefheat vents and sprinklers. They are not revising code requirements. One reason for the differing information is that without details ofbuilding size, layout and processes involved
it is difficult to make a determination. My impression is that the cities which gave me different interpretation than they gave Maxi-Lift were not given complete information by Maxi-Lift
to analyze. Use ofsmoke and heat vents in sprinklered buildings is an age-old question which has generated more disagreement among fire protection professionals than any other high-piled
fire protection issue. Currently adopted codes (which are nationally recognized) is our best source of infurmation on this subject. I recommend we require compliance with our code. 
FIRE DEPARTMENT (214) 450-7200 FAX (214) 45(l-7208 4798 Airport Parkway MEMORANDUM September 01, 1994 TO: Bob Wallinqford, Fire Chief FROM: Jim Stephens, Fire Prevention Offi SUBJECT:
Code Enforcement Survey, Area Depa Pursuant to our conversation and in response to the survey conducted by Maxi-Lift, please make note of the following findings. This survey was conducted
in an effort to further solidify our position on the issue of smoke and heat vents. It was also conducted in a continuing effort to try and help Maxi-Lift resolve this issue. However,
despite the effort I was unable to uncover any documentation to further support 􀁍􀁡􀁸􀁩􀁾􀁌􀁩􀁦􀁴􀀧􀁳􀀠 position. All of the following departments were asked the same questions and
presented with the same scenario as this Department has before it. 1. Building a 100,000+sq.ft. building 2. Plastics molding manufacturing plant with high pile storage. 3. Installation
of an ESFR sprinkler system. 4. Are smoke and heat vents required? Arlington F.D.(817) 􀀴􀀵􀀹􀀭􀀵􀀵􀀲􀀶􀁾􀁊􀁡􀁭􀁥􀁳􀀠Patterson, Deputy Fire Marshal. Smoke and heat vents are required
by U.F.C. '91ed. Irving F.D.(214) 721-2651-Mary Pettigrew, Assistant Fire Marshal. Smoke and heat vents are required by U.F.C. '91ed. Coppell F.D.(214) 462-1133-John Linstrom, Assistant
Fire Marshal. Smoke and heat vents are required by U.F.C. 'gled. The Colony F.D.(214) 625-3944-David Wallace, Fire Marshal. Answer same as above. Farmers Branch F.D. (214) 919-2656-Gordon
Robbins, Fire Marshal. Answer same as above. Fort Worth F.D.(817) 871-6808-Jim Tidwell, Assistant Fire Marshal. Answer same as above. 
1991 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 81.101-81.104 ARTICLE 81 HIGH·PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE Scope Sec. 81.101. Storage of high-piled combustible material and high-rack ,torage systems 􀁳􀁨􀁡􀁩􀁦􀁢􀁥􀀧􀁦􀀻􀁴􀁡􀂣􀁣
􀁯􀁦􀁤􀁡􀁮􀀨􀂣􀁷􀁦􀁴􀁩􀁩􀀢􀁴􀁨􀁩􀁓􀀧􀂷􀁡􀁲􀁴􀁩􀀧􀁣􀁬􀁥􀀮􀁾􀁆􀁡􀁣􀁴􀁯􀁲􀁳􀀠such as method and height of stock piling, combustibility of materials, fuel load and rate of heat release,
areas and SIze of piles, aisles, automatic fire--extinguishing systems, 􀁳􀁭􀁯􀁫􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁥􀁭􀁯􀁶􀁡􀁬 systems, fire protection and fire separations are considered. In the absence of specific
provisions in the article, U.F.C. Standard No. 81-1 Of 􀀸􀁴􀁾􀀲􀀠 '1 shall apply. Definitions Sec. 81.102. For definitions of AEROSOL. COMMODITY, DESIGNATED i HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE
STORAGE AREA, HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE and HIGH-RACK STORAGE SYSTEMS, see Article 9. Permits Sec. 81.103. For permits to use buildings for high-piled combustible storage. see Section
4.108. Commodity Classifications Sec. 81.104. (a) General Commodity classifications shaH be as defined and in accordance with this .'iection. Plastic materials listed within each commodity
classification are assumed to not be modified for improved combustibility characteristics. Use of flame-retarding modifiers or the physical form of the material can change the classification.
(b) Class I Commodities. Class 1commodities are commodities which are essentially noncombustible products on wooden or nonexpanded poJyethylene solid deck pallets, in ordinary corrugated
cartons with or without single-thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper wrappings with or without pallets. Ex.amples of Class I commodities include, but are not limited to, the following:
Appliances. electrical Beer or wine up to 20 percent alcohol Cement in bags Ceramics Dairy products in nO!iwax-coated containers Dry insecticides Foods in noncombustible containers Frozen
foods Fresh fruits and veger.ables in nonplastic trays or containers Glass 409 
81.105-81.107 412 1991 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Nationally recognized standards or guidelines as: applicable may be used when 􀁡􀁰􀁾􀀠 proved by the chief. Automatic FI,e-eJdinguishing Systems
Sec. 81.106. (aJ General. When required by Table No. 81.105·A, an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system shall be provided. The design and instatIation ofautomatic fire-extinguishing
systems shaH be in accordance with (he Building Code and U.F.C. Standard No. 81-1 or No. 81-2. The design and installation of automatic fire-extinguishing systems for the storage ofLevel
2 and Level 3 aerosol products shaH also be in accordance with Article 88. (b) System Design. The fire-extinguishing systems shan be designed by a registered engineer or an approved
designer. When approving a system design. the chief may consider the standards and recommendations of the National Fire Prolection Association. Factory Mutual Engineering or other nationally
􀁲􀁥􀁣􀁯􀁧􀁾􀀠 nized fire-protection authorities, Smoke Venting. Smoke Removal Systems and Curtain Boards. See. SI.HI7. (aJ General. WIlen required by Table No. 8L105-Ai smoke and heat
vents or mechanical smoke removal systems shall be provided. and shall be in accordance with this section. (b) Smoke and Heat Vents and Curtain Boards. 1. General. The design and installation
of smoke and heat vents and curtain boards shall be as specified in the BuHding Code. except as modified by this subsection. 2, Vent de.liign. Smoke and heat vent" shall be approved
and shall be operated automatically by actuation of a heat-responsive device rared at between lOOOf'. and 220°F, above ambient, Approve.d smoke and heat vents shall aclivate fully when
the venlcavity is exposed 10 a simulated fire Qf a time/temperature gradient that reaches an air temperature of 5000R within five minutes. Smoke and heat vents shall have the capability
of being opened by an approved manual operation. 3. Vent dimensions. The minimum dimension of any smoke and heat vent opening shall not be less than 4 feeL 4. Location of vents and and
curtain boards. Smoke and heat vents and curtain boards shall be installed in accordance with Table No. SLl07-A, (c) Mechanical Smoke Removal Systems. I. General. Mechanical smoke 􀁲􀁥􀁾􀀠
maval system capability shaH be determined as set forth in this subsection. 2. Locationofcurtain boards. Curtain boardsshaU be provided in accordance wi.h Table No. 81.107·A. 3. System
capadty. The volume of mechanical ventilation required snall be determined by the following formula: V=Ax300 WHERE: V = volume of mechanical ventilation required, in cubic feet per minute.
A := area of roof vents required by Thble No. 81.107-A, in square feet. 
TABLE NO. 81.105-A-"REaUIREMENTS FOR FIRE PROTECTION DESIGNAiED AUTOMAnC COMST=' FIREMCOlAOSnY, OO1NGU1SHIHG 1"· •. 1 SYSTEM : I-IV 0-500 N/R 501-2,50\1 N/R 2.501Ye, 12,000 Option I
2,501N/R 12,000 Option 2 12,001Yes 20,000 20,001Ye, 300,000 Greater Yes than 300,00011 V 0-500 N/R 501N/R 2,500" 2,501Yes 50,00013 I SMOlE R£MQVAt. r MAXIMUM MAXIMUM USABLE MAXlMUM SM.'"
BUILDING MIHtMUM 􀁾􀁌􀁅􀀠 "".... PlLE Uf:'f£Cln,,, ACCESS AISLE OIMENSmtt' HElGHT!,u VOLUME i '''_ (Sec. 81.1119) WIDTH I'.) (ft.1 {cu. H.J Methankal Ye," N/R N/R' N/R NIR N/R N/R N/R
N/R Yes N/R' 8ft 100 40 100,000 N/R N/R N/R N/R' • 100 40 4IlO,000 N/R N/R Yes Ye' 8 [ •. 100 40 200,000 Not Yes allowed NIR Yes • 100 40 400,000 10 N/R Yes • 100 40 400,000 10 , " Yes
• 100 Un-Un10 limited limited N/R N/R' N/R N/R NIR N/R N/R N/R Yes N/R' 8ft. 50 20 50,000 N/R N/R " Yes &ft.7 50 30 75,000 I. SMALL HOSE CONNECTION 111t" MdIUilnal ValYt$ Eq_lpmenlT
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Yes Yes N/R N/R Yes 􀁾􀁥􀁳􀀠 12 Yes N/R N/R Yes Yes Yes Yes I ! ! I I i c: i z z $ m 8 o m 
:!: '" 'High-pited sto<:k area is allowed to be treated as a separate area if il is separated from other areas of the building with a two-hour area separation wall or if individual areas
are a minimum 60 feet apart measured horizontally in a direct line and there is no combustible storage between piles. 2Smoke deteclion systems shaH be supervised and instaUed throughout
the building. 3Not applicable to 􀁤􀁯􀁵􀁢􀁬􀁥􀁾􀀠or 􀁳􀁩􀁮􀁧􀁬􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁯􀁷􀀠rack: storage with adjacent Illsles. 4Usablc storage height is the distance from the floor 10 a point not Jess
than 18 inches below the ceiling sprinkler head deflectors. sPor storage in excess of 40 feet in height, protection shall be provided as required for designated storage areas exceeding
300.000 square feel, 6Por Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products, see Article 88. 7When "yes" appears in this column. hoses. nozzles. hose racks and cabinets shall be provided as required
by the chief. 8AI1icle 10, Division II shaU apply. liAocess aislcs shall be provided as specified in 81.108. Where precluded by high-rack storage systems, alternate melhods of access
and alternate approved melhods of protection may be provided as approvcd by the chief. 􀀱􀁾􀂧􀁗􀀮􀀿􀁾􀁾􀁾􀁧􀁊􀁾.•􀀬􀀡􀁾􀀬􀀢􀀮􀁬􀁓􀀠􀁯􀁲􀁾􀁭􀁾􀁾􀁾􀀠􀁳􀁭􀀿􀁫􀁥􀀮􀀺􀀭􀁟􀁾􀁭􀀿􀁶􀁡􀁬􀀠􀁓􀁹􀁳􀁾
.shall be provided. The type of system to be used, mecllanical or 'lents, shall be approved by me chief based on tlafionaIJy recogntzed engmeenng pracllces. IISpecial fire-pro!eciion
provisions. such as but 􀁾 limited to, area separation walls. fire protection of exposed steel. in-rack smoke detection, increased sprinkler density or additional in·rack sprinklers
shall be provided when required by the chief. 12As required by the chief. 13NationaHy recognized standards or guidelines as applicable to specific commodities may be used when approved
by the chief. NJR-Not Required 
RUG 19 '94 14'56 512-343-9116 P,2/5 Til INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE INSTITUTE UNIFORM FIRE CODE INTERPRETATION SUBJECT: Recent Factory Mutual Test Data and Elimination of Smoke and Heat
Vents and Draft Curtains When ESFR Sprinkler Systems are Installed Q: What is IFCI's position on tile eleimination of smoke and heat vents based on the , FactOry Mutual Loss Prevention
Data Sheet 2-2 regarding Early SUppression FiStI 'Response (ESFR) sprinklersl which recommends construction without roof vents and draft curtains? A: At this time, the tests upon which
this recommendation is baSed do not appear to , ,have been exhaustive enough to warrant elimination of roof vents and draft curtains tequired in Article SF, In fuct, recent fIre test
summaries from PM state; cthat test dafu should be COnSiaered preliminary and may be subject to correction • or change) Without exhaustive tests and a thorough review of the test results
by qualified independent fIre protection engineers and our membership, IFCI's position, based on the the current U.F,C. requirements is that roof vents and draft curtains should Dot
be eliminated. We will continue to take this position regarding application of Article 81 with respect to roof vents and draft curtains until such time that a code change to review the
code requirements is successful. You may wish to note that the U.F.C. requirements for draft curtains did change in the 1994 edition to only require curtains around the perimeters of
ESFR sprinkler systems. Attached, please find a copy of a recent code interpretation that expands further on the subject. (HI 502: ufc\interps\drftcrtns.91) 9300 Jollyville Road. Su'te
lOS • Austin. Texas 78759-7455 • (512) 345-CODB • FAX (512) 343-9116 
AUG 19 '94 14:57 512-343-9115 P.3/5 @Uniform Fire Cooe Interpretation American Fire Journal June 1994 Issue by: Jeffrey M. Sbapiro, P.E. Coordinator, Uniform Fire Code SUBJECTS: Clearance
Below Ceilings Section 11.303 (b) Storage of Pesticides Section 80.301 and Article 86 􀁁􀁾􀁰􀁴􀁡􀁢􀁩􀁬􀁩􀁴􀁹􀀠of using an early suppression, fast response (ESFR) sprinkler system in
lieu of the required smoke venting and draft curtain requirements Table No. 81.105 Uniform Fire Code, 1991 Edition Ql: What is the purpose of the requirement in Section 11.303 (b) 1
requiring a 2-foot clearance from ceilings for storage of combustible materials in buildings, and does this regulation apply to storage along exterior walls? AI: Section 11.303 (b) 1
requires a 2-foot separation between the top of combustible storage and ceilings to provide a space for fuefighters to direct hoses on top of or over storage during fuefighting operations.
The code does not provide an exception to this requirement for storage located along exterior walls; however, from a practical standpoint if the storage along walls is relatively shallow,
there may be adequate access for firefighters to extinguish a fire in such areas without the required ceiling clearance. This determination would be within the scope of the chiefs authority
by accepting shallow storage along walls as providing equivalent firefighting access to the code specified 2-foot clearance. Q2: Is a commercial pest control company allowedto store their pesticides in a residential shed next to a house? A2: Yes. The building containing the pesticides must be properly classified with respect to occupancy. In addition, local
zoning regulations should be evaluated regarding the storage of commercial products in a residential area. The building in question should be classified as either a Group B. Division
2 or Group B. Division 4 Occupancy, provided that exempt amounts are not exceeded, and it must meet all related regulations. The Group B, Division 4 classification should only be applied
if all stored material, containers. shelves. etc. are noncombustible. In addition. all regulations in U.F.C. Article 86 will be applicable. 
RUG 19 '94 14:57 512-343-9116 P.4/5 Q3: What does Article 80 require for storage of pesticides that are toxic solids or liquids below the exempt amounts on Table 80.312-A? A3: Storage
of hazardous materials in quantities less than exempt amounts are regulated by Section 80.301(a) 3 and Article 80, Division I. A proposed facility will have an area of approximately
100,000 square feet; The building will be fully sprinklered and provided with a monitored fire alarm system. The facility is to be used for storage o(Class IV commodities on palletS;
stacked to height of approximately 16 feet without racks. The owner has proposed using an early, suppression-fast response (ESFR) sprinkler system in lieu of smoke and heat removal systems:and
draft curtains. Is this an acceptable alternative method? A4:. NO.;.iFirst consider the possible elimination of venting. Most certainly it can be "'iFgued that if a sprinkler system,
ESFR or standard, is able to control a fire, the need for smoke and heat venting or a mechanical smoke removal system is primarily for salvage and overhaul and restoring the building
to operational capacity. Furthermore, it can be argued that the early suppression-fast response sprinkler system is likely to control the fire more rapidly than a standard sprinkler
system when the system is operating properly and the commodity protected is commensurate with the design of the system. However, these two contingencies, the system operating properly
and a commodity commensurate with design, among others create enough of a margin for failure of the sprinkler system to control a fire that the 9vera111evel of protectioIl'! would be
compromiscili if smoke and heat venting were not provided.; Vertting, at a· . minimum, serves as an added factor or safety;· Unlike most storage warehouses, warehouses containing high-piled
combustible storage present a significantly greater flte load{arranged in a manner which increases the burning rate of materials stored. Should the sprinkler system be unable to control
a tire; perhaps because the system is out-of-service for maintenance, the commodity stored has changed to one which requires a greater density, the fire is ignited in such a manner to
overpower the sprinkler system (such as aerosols, flammable liquids or perhaps a leaking fuel tank from a forklift), or if the flte is shielded in some manner from the sprinkler water,
the potential for disaster exists if adequate ventilation is not provided. In the event that the sprinkler system does not control the fire, vents and high volume mechanical smoke ventilation
systems provide a means of releasing smoke and heated gases to facilitate a manual fire attack. The issue of whether the operation of vents would inhibit the proper operation of sprinkler
systems can be avoided by using operating mechanisms on vents which are arranged to :actuate!'only after sprinklers ."have operatediand failed to adequately control a fire. Such an arrangement
can be created by studying the response time indices of the links used on the venting system versus those used on the sprinklers. Without high volume venting, it can be stated with a
great degree of certainty that the fire department will be unable to achieve control of a fire within tIlls building if the sprinkler system fails to provide control. 
AUG 19 '94 14:58 512-343-9116 P.5/S With high volume venting, there is a possibility that interior conditions could to allow firefighters to enter a building for an interior attack and
perhaps achieve controL Elimination of venting places the entire burden for protection in the hands of the sprinkler system. Another related feature required by the U.F.C. is draft curtains,
The purpose of draft curtains is primarily to reduce the spread of smoke and heated gases along the ceiling and also to limit the number of sprinklers operated from a flash f11'e. Both
of these purposes seem commensurate with, rather than in conflict with, the use of an ESFR sprinkler system; however, concerns have been expressed that draft curtains in a building protected
with ESFR sprinklers may deflect sprinkler discharge and risk system failure for these closely engineered systems. Also, desires have been expressed to encourage the use of ESFR systems
and recognize the increased safety provided by reducing the draft curtain requirements in ESFR protected buildings. As a result, a code revision allowing draft curtain requirements to
be reduced, providing curtains only around the perimeters of ESFR Systems was successful, and in the 1994 edition of the U.F.e., Article 81 reflects this revision. In conclusioI1, we
do not feel that it would be appropriate to allow elimination of" venting and draft curtains based on the installation of an ESFR sprinkler system.. Such a reliance would'redul::e the
secondary level of'safety.> required by the code, and should a flre occur in the bUilding which is not controlled by the sprinklers, it may require an 'inordinate demdon'!Itre suppression
forcesJto contain the fire to the warehouse. A reduction in draft curtains commensurate with the revisions for ESFR Systems in the 1994 Code would be reasonable. 
1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8101-8101.3.2 ARTICLE 81 -HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE SECTION 8101 -GENERAL 8101.1 Scope. Buildings containing high-piled combustible storage shall be in accordance
with Article 81. In addition to the requirements of Article 81, aerosols shall be in accordance with Article 88, flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with Article
79, and hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Article 80. 8101.2 Definitions. 8101.2.1 General. For definitions of AEROSOL; ARRAY; ARRAY, CLOSED; BINBOX; COMMODITY; CURTAIN
BOARD; EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE SPRINKLER; EXPANDED PLASTIC; EXTRAHIGH-RACK COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE; HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE; LONGITUDINAL FLUE SPACE; MANUAL STOCKING METHODS;
MECHANICAL STOCKING METHODS; SHELF STORAGE; AND TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE, see Article 2. 8101.2.2 Limited application. For the purpose ofArticle 81, certain tenns are defined as follows:
HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREA is an area within a building which is designated, intended, proposed or or actually used for high-piled combustible storage. SOLID SHELVING is shelving that is
solid, slatted, mesh, or grated located within racks that obstructs sprinkler water penetration through the racks. 8101.3 Permits and Plan Submittal. I, 810l.3.1 Permits. For a pennit
to use a building for 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁰􀁩􀁬􀁥􀁤􀀠combustible storage, see Section 105, Permit h.3. 8101.3.2' Plans and specifications submittal. At the time of pennit application, plans and
􀁳􀁰􀁥􀁣􀁩􀁾􀀠 fications including the infonnation specified in Section 8101.3.2 shall be submiued for review and approval. Following approval of the plans, a copy of the approved plans
shall be maintained on the premises in an approved location. The plans shall include the following: 1. Floor plan of the building showing locations and dimensions of high-piled storage
areas. 2. Useable storage height for each storage area. 3. Number of tiers within each rack, if applicable. 4. Commodity clearance between top of storage and the sprinkler deflector
for each storage arrangement. 5. Aisle dimensions between each storage array. 6. Maximum pile volume for each storage array. 7. Location and classification of commodities in accordance
with Section 810 t A. 8. Location of commodities which are banded or encapsulated. 9. Location of required fire department access doors. 10. Type of 􀁦􀁩􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁳􀁵􀁰􀁰􀁲􀁥􀁳􀁳􀁩􀁯􀁮􀀠and
􀁦􀁩􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁤􀁥􀁴􀁥􀁣􀁴􀁩􀁯􀁮􀀠systems. 11. Location of valves controlling the water supply of ceiling and 􀁩􀁮􀁾􀁲􀁡􀁣􀁫􀀠sprinklers. 12. Type, location and specifications of 􀁳􀁭􀁯􀁫􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁥􀁭􀁯􀁶􀁡
􀁬􀀠and curtain board systems. 13. Dimension and location of transverse and longitudinal flue spaces. 14. Additional infonnation regarding required design features, commodities, storage
arrangement and fire-protection features within the 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁰􀁩􀁬􀁥􀁤􀀠slOrage area shall be provided at the time of pennit, when required by the chief. 1-349 
8101.3.3-8101.4.1.3 1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8101.3.3 Evacuation 􀁰􀀩􀁡􀁮􀁾􀀠When required by the chief, an evacuation plan for public accessible areas and a separate set of plans indicating
location and width of aisles, location of exits and exit signs. height of storage, and locations of hazardous materials shall be submitted 8l the time of permit application for review
and approval. Following approval of the plans, a copy of the approved plans shall be maintained on [he premises in an approved location. 8101.4 Commodity Classification. 8101.4.1 General.
8101.4.1.1 Classification of commodities. Commodities shall be classified as Class I, II, m.IV or high hazard in accordance with Section 8101 A.l. Materials listed within eachcommodilY
classification are assumed to be unmodified for improved combustibility characteristics. Use of flameretarding modifiers or the physical form of the material could change the classification.
See Section 8101.4.2 for classification of Groups A. Band C plaslics. 8101.4.1.2 Class f commodities. Class I commodities are essentially noncombuSlible products on wooden or nonexpanded
polyethylene solid deck pallets. in ordinary corrugated cartons with or without single-thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper wrappings with or without pallets, Class I commodities
are aUowed to contain a limited amount ofGroup A plastics in accordance with Section 8101.4.3. Examples of Class I commodities include, but are not limited to, the following: Alcohotic
beverages nOt exceeding 20 percent alcohol Appliances-noncombustible. electrical Cement in bags Ceramics Dalry products in 􀁮􀁯􀁮􀁷􀁡􀁸􀁾􀁣􀁯􀁡􀁴􀁥􀁤􀀠containers {excluding bOllles)
Dry insecticides Foods in noncombustible containers Fresh fruits and vegetables in nooplastic trays or containers Frozen foods Glass Glycol in metal cans Gypsum board Inert materials.
bagged Insulation, noncombustible Noncombustible liquids in plastic containers having less than a 5-gnllon (18.9 L) capacity Noncombustible metal products 8101.4.1.3 Class n commodities.
Class II commodities are Class I products in slaned wooden crates, soUd wooden boxes, multiple-thickness paperboard cartons or equivalent combustible packaging material with or without
pallets. Class II commodittes are allowed to contain a limited amount of Group A plastics in accordance with Section 810 I ,4.3. Examples of Class II commodities include. but are not
limited to. the rollowing: Alcoholic beverages not exceeding 20 percent alcohol, in combustible containers Foods in combustible containers Incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs in
cartons Thinly coated fine wire on reels or in cartons 1-350 
1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8101.4.1._101.4.1.5 8101.4.1.4 Class III commodities. Class III commodities are commodities of wood. paper,natural fiber cloth, orGroup C plasticsorproduc[s thereof,
with or wilhout pallets. Products are allowed to contain Umited amounts of Group A or B plastics, such as metal bicycles with plastic handles, pedals, seats and tires. Group A plastics
shall be limited in accordance with Section 8101.4.3. Examples of Class III commodities include. but arc not limited to, the following; Aerosol, Levell (see Article 88) Combustible fiberboard
Cork, baled Feed. bagged Fertilizers, bagged Food in plastic containers Furniture: wood, natural fiber. upholstered, nonpiastic, wood or metal with 􀁰􀁬􀁡􀁳􀁴􀁩􀁣􀁾􀁰􀁡􀁤􀁤􀁥􀁤􀀠and
covered ann rests Glycol in combustible containers not exceeding 25 percent Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in metal cans Lumber Mattresses, excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics
Noncombustible liquids in plastic comainers having a capacity of more than 5 gallons ( 18.9 L) Paints, oil base, in metal cans Paper. waste, baled Paper and pulp, horizontal storage,
or vertical storage that is banded or protected with approved wrap Paper in cardboard boxes Pillows. excluding foamed rubber and foamed plastics Plastic-coaled paper food containers
Plywood Rags, baled Rugs, without foamed backing Sugar, bagged Wood, baled Wood doors, frames and cabinets Yams of natural tiber and viscose 8101.4.1.5 ClaSs IV commodities. Class IV
commoditieS:.re Class 1.11 or HI products containing' Group A 'plastics in ordinary corrugated carrons-and Classes I. nand HI products, with Group A plastic packaging, with or without
pallets. Group B plastics an"d free-flowing Group A plastics are also induded in this class ..The total amount of nonfree-f1owing Group A plastics shall be in 􀁡􀁣􀁣􀁯􀁲􀁾􀀠 dance wirh
Section 8101.4.3, Examples of Class IV commodities include, but are not limtted to. the following: Aerosol. Level 2 (see Article 88) Alcoholic beverages, exceeding 20 percent but less
than 80 percem alcohol. in eans or botlles in canons Clothing. symhetic or nonviscose 1-351 
8101.4.1.5-810'.4.2.2 1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE Combustible metal products (solid) Furniture, plastic upholstered Furniture. wood or metal with plastic covering and padding Glycol in combustible
containers (greater than 25 percent and less than 50 percent) Linoleum products Paints, oil base in combustible containers Pharmaceutical, alcoholic elixirs. tonics, etc. Rugs, foamed
back Shingles, asphalt Thread or yam. synthetic Or nonviscose 8101.4.1.6 High-hazard commodities. High-hazard commodities are high-hazard products presenting special fire hazards beyond
those of Class I, JI, 1Il or IV. Group A plastics not otherwise classified are included in this class. ExampJes of high-hazard commodities include. but are not limited to, thc following:
Aerosol, Level 3 (see Article 88) Alcoholic beverages, exceeding 80 percent alcohol, in bottles or cartons Flammable solids (except solid combustible metals) Glycol in combustible containers
(50 percent or greater) Lacquers, which dry by solvent evaporation, in metal cans or cartons Lubricating or hydraulic Ouid in plas:tic containers Mattresses. foamed rubber or foamed
plastics Pallets and flats which are idle combustible Paper, asphalt, rolied, horizontal storage Paper, asphalt, rolled, vertical storage Paper and pulp, rolled, in vertical storage
which is unbanded or not protected with an approved wrap Pillows, foamed rubber and foamed plastiCS Pyroxylin Rubber tires Vegetable oil and butter in plastlc containers 8101.4.2 Classification
of plastics. 8101.4.2.1 General. Plastics shall be designated as Group A, B or C in accordance with Section 8101.4.2. 8101.4.2.2. Group A plastics: Group A plastics are plastic materials
having a heat of combustion that IS much higher than that ofordinary combustibles, and a burning rate higher than that ofGroup B plastiCS. Examples of Group A plastics include. but are
not limited to, the following: ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) Acetal (polyformaldehyde) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) Butyl rubber 1-352 
1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8101.4.2.2-8101.4.3 EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber) FRP (fiberglass·reinforced polyester) Natural rubber (expanded) Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber)
PET or PETE (polyelhylene terephthalate) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polyester elastomer Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyslyrene (expanded and unexpanded) Polyurelhane (expanded and unexpanded)
PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 15 percent plaSlicized. e.g .• coated fabric unsupported film) SAN (slyrene acrylonilrile) SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) 8101.4.2.3 Group B plastics.
Group B plastics are plastic malerials having a heat of combuslion and a burning rate higher than that of ordinary combustibles. but not as high as [hose of Group A plastics. Examples
of Group B ptasrics include, but are not limited to, the following: Cellulosics (cellulose acelale. cellulose acelale bUlyrate. ethyl cellulose) Chloroprene rubber Ruoropl.S!ics (ECTFE.
ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer; ETFE, elhylene-telrafluoroelhylene copolymer; FEP, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer) Natural rubber (nonexpanded) Nylon (Nylon 6,
Nylon 6/6) PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5 percent. but not exceeding 15 percenl plasticized) Silicone rubber 8101.4.2.4 Group C plastics. Group C plastics are plastic malerials
which have a heat ofcombustion and a burning rate similar £0 those of ordinary combustibles, Examples of Group C plastics include, but are not limited 10. the fonowing; FluoroplaSlics
(PCTFE. polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE. polytelrafluoroethylene) Melamine (melamine fonmaldehyde) Phenol PVC (polyvinyl chloride. rigid or plasticized less than 5 percenl, e.g .•
pipe. pipe fiuings) PVDC (polyvinyJidene chloride) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) Urea (urea fonmaldehyde) 8101.4.3 Limited quantities ofGroup i\ plastics in
mixed commodities. Figure 810 l.4-A shall be used lOdelermine {he quantity ofGroup A Plastics aHowed to be srored in a package or carton or on a pallet without increasing the commodity
dassification. 1-353 
8101.5-8101.6.6 , 1994 UNIFORM FIRE COPE S101.5 Designation of High.piled Storage Areas. 8101.5.1 General. High-piled storage areas, and ponions of high-piled storage areas intended
for storage ofa different commodity class than adjacent areas, shaH be designed and specifically 􀁤􀁥􀁳􀁩􀁧􀁾􀀠 nated to contain Class r. Class II, Class III, Class IV or high-hazard
commodities. The designation ofa high-piled combustible storage area. or portion thereof intended for storage ofa different commodity class, shall be based on the highest hazard commodity
class stored except as provided in Section 8!O I.S.2. S101.S.2 Designation based on engineering analysis. The designation ofa high.piled combustible storage area, or portion thereof,
is allowed to be based on a lower hazard class than that of the highest class of commodity stored when a limited quantity of the higher hazard commodity has been demonstrated by engineering
analysis to be adequately protected by the sprinkler system pro· vided. The engineering analysis analysis shall consider the ability of the sprinkler system to deliver the higher density
required by the higher-hazard commodity. The higher density shall be based on the actual storage height of the pile or rack and Ihe minimum allowable design area for sprinkler opera·
tion as set forth in the density/area figures provided in U.F.C. Standards 81-1 and 81-2. The contiguous area occupied by higher-hazard commodity shall not exceed 120 square fe.. (I
US m2). and additional areas of higher-hazard commodity shall be separated from other such areas by 25 feet (7620 mm) or more. The sprinkler system shall be capable of delivering Ihe
higher density over a minimum area of 900 square feet (83.6 m2) for wet pipe systems and 1.200 square reet (III.S m2) for dry pipe systems. The shape ofthe design area shall be in accordance
with the Building Code (see U.B.C Standard 9-1). 8101.6 Housekeeping and Maintenance. 8101.6.1 Rack structures. The structural integrity of racks shall be maintained. 8101.6.2 Ignition
sources. sources. 8101.6.2.1 General. Clearance from ignition sources shall be provided In accordance with 􀁓􀁥􀁣􀁾􀀠 tion 1109. 8101.6.2.2 Smoking. SmOking shall be prohibited. Approved
NO SMOKING signs shall be conspicuously posted. See Section 1109.4. 8101.6.3 Aisle maintenance. When restocking is not being conducted, aisles shall be kept clear of storage, waste material
and debris. Fire department access doors, aisles and exil doors shall not be obstructed. During restocking operations using manual slocking methods, a minimum unobstructed aisle width
of24 inches (609.6 mm) shall be maintained in 48-inch (1219.2 mm) or smaller aisles. and a minimum unobstructed aisle width of one half of the required aisle width shall be maintained
in aisles greater than 48 inches (1219.2 mm). During mechanical stocking operalions, a minimum unobstructed aisle width of 44 inches (1117.6 mm) shall be maintained. See Section 8102.9.
8101.6.4 Pile dimension and height limitations. See Section 8103.3. 8101.6.5 Arrays. See Section 8103.4. 8101.6.6 Flue spaces. See Section 8104.3. 1-354 
I 199q UNIFORM FIRE CODE Bl0l.4-A,8102-8102.2 FIGURE Bl01.4-A-MIXED COMMODITIES'·> (See Section 8101.4.3) o 5 10 15 20 25 Percent by Weight of Unexpanded Plastic4 I'This table is intended
to determine the commodity classification of a mixed commodity in a package. carton or on a pallet when plastics are involved. 2The following is an example of how (0 apply the !able:
A package containing a Class In commodity has 12 petcent Group A expanded plastic by volume. The wClght ofthe unexpanded plastic is 10 percenL This commodity is classIfied as a Class
tV commodity. If the weighl or the unexpanded piastic is increased LO 14 percent. the classification changes (0 a high-hazard commodity. 3Percent by volume "" Volume of plastic in pallet
load TOlal volume of paller load, including pallet 4Percent by weight '" Weight of plastic in pallet load TOlal weight of pallet load. including paUel SECTION 8102 GENERAL FIRE-PROTECTION
AND LIFE-SAFETY FEATURES 8102.1 General. Fire-protection and life-safety features for high-piled storage areas shall be in accordance with Section 8l02, Nationally recognized standards
or guidelines. as applicable. are allowed to be used when approved by the chief 8102.2 Separation of High-piled Storage Areas. Portions of buildings that do not meet the requirements
of Article 8t for high-piled storage areas shall be separated from 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁰􀁈􀁥􀁤􀀠storage areas by one of the following methods: EXCEPTION: Separation is not required bet\\'ecn
accessory areas that (Ire fully protected with automatic sprinkler systems. Accessory areas shan include. but need nOI be limited 10. loading areas, check out areas. restmoms, employee
lounges and offices. Fire protection for high-plied storage and smoke and heal venting shall ex:tend a minimum of 15 feet (4572 mm) beyond the high-piled storage area. L A 􀁴􀁷􀁯􀁾􀁨􀁯􀁵􀁲􀀠areawsepa
ralion wail bel ween areas not protected with automatic sprinkler systems or 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁰􀁈􀁥􀁤􀀠storage areas in excess of the maxlmum allowabte areas set forth in Table 81 wA, 2. A
A 60-foo, (18288 mm) space not used for combustible storage. or 1-355 
8102.2-8102.6.4 1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 3. A minimum ofa one-hour occupancy separation wall between other sprinklered areas that are not accessory to the high-piled storage area, 8102.3
Fire Sprinklers. Fire sprinkler systems shall be provided in accordance with Sections 8103 and 8104. 8102.4 Fire Detection. When fire detection is required by Table 81-A, an approved
automatic fire-detection system shall be installed throughout the high-piled storage area. The system shall be monitored and shall be in accordance with Section 1007, 8102.5 Building
Access. 8102.5.1 Access roadways. When building access is required by Table SI-A, access roadways shall be provided to within ISO feet (45.7 mm) of all portions of the exterior walls
of buildings used for high-piled storage. EXCEPTION: When access roads cannot be installed due to topography. railways, walerways, nonnego· tiablegrndesorothersimilarconditions.lhe chief
is authorized to require additional fire protection as required for special hazards in Section 1001.9. Specifications for fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with Section
902,2, 8102,5,2 Access doors. 8102.5.2.1 General. When building access is required by Table SI-A. fire department access doors shall be provided in accordance with Section 8102.5.2.
Access doors shall be accessible with· out the use of a ladder. 8102.5.2.2 Number of doors required. One or more access doors shall be provided in each 100 Uneal feel (30 480 mm), or
major fraction thereof. of the exterior walls which face required access roadways, 8102.5,2.3 Door size and type. Access doors shall not be less than 3 feet (914 mm) in width and 6 feet
8 inches (2032 mm) in height. Roll-up doors shall not be used unless approved by the chief, 8102.5.2A Locking devices. Only approved locking devices shall be used. 8102.6 Smoke and Heat
Removal. 8102.6.1 General. When smoke and heat removal are required by Table S'I-A, smoke and heat vents shall be provided in accordance with Section 8102.6. EXCEPTIONS: I. Whenlhe installation
orsmoke orsmoke and heat vems is determined by the chief to be impractlca!, mechanical 􀁳􀁭􀁯􀁫􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁣􀁭􀁯􀁶􀁡􀁬􀀠systems arc allowed lO be provided in accordance Wilh U.EC STandard
81·3. 2. Frozen food storage classified as a Class I or Class It commodi(y is not required to be provided wilh smoke and heat venls or mechanical stnoke removal when protected by an
automatic sprinkler system. 8102.6.2 Types of"nts, Smoke and heat vents shall be ofan approved type and shall be operated automatically by activation of. heaHesponsive device rated between
100 and 200"F. (37.8 and 182,2°C.) above estimated ambient temperatures. The heat-responsive device shall be listed and labeled. Smoke and heat vents shall activate fully when [he vent
cavity is exposed to a simulated fire or a time/temperature gradient that reaches an air temperature of 500Q F. (260°C.) within five minutes. Smoke and heat vents shalt have the capability
of being opened by an approved manual operation. 8102,6,3 Vent dimensions. The effective venting area shaH not be less than 16 square feet (1.49 ml) with no dimension less than 4 feet
(1219 mm), excluding ribs or gutters having a total width not exceeding 6 inches (152.4 mm). 8102.6.4 Vent locations, Smoke and heat vents shall be located in accordance with Table 81·B.
Vents shaH be located 20 feet (6096 mm) or more from lines ofadj.ce", properties and 10 feet (3048 mm) or more from occupancy separation waHs separating other high-pUed storage areas.
Vents shall be uniformly located within the roof area above high-piled storage areas. 1-356 
1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8102.7--8102.10 8102.7 Curtain Boards. 8102.7.1 General. When curtain boards are required by Table BI-A. curtain boards shall be pro· vided in accordance with
Section 8102.7. 8102.7.2 Construction. Curtain boards shall be constructed of sheet metal. lath and plaster. gyp. sum wallboard. or other approved materials which provide equivalent
performance that will resist the passage of smoke. Joints and connections shall be smoke tight. 8102.7.3 Location and depth. The location and depth of curtain boards shall be in accordance
with Table 81·B. 8102.8 Hose Stations and Hose Connections. 8102.8.1 Small bose stations. When small hose valves and stations are required by Table 81·A. approved Ith-inch (38.1 mm)
hose valves shall be provided at approved locations. When reqUired by the chief. hose, nozzles. hose racks. and cabinets or covers shali be provided. See U.F.C. Stand· ards 81-1 and
81-2. 8102.8.2 Fire department hose connections. When exit passageways are required by the build· ing code for egress, a Class I standpipe system shall be provided in accordance with
the Building Code. See U.B.C. Standard 9·2. 8102.9 Aisles. 8102.9.1 General. Aisles providing access [0 exits and fire department access doors shall be prow vided in high·piled storage
areas exceeding 500squ.re feel (46.45 m2) in .ccordance wirh Section 8102.9. For aisles separating storage piles or racks, see also U.F.e. Standards 81-1 and 81-2 and Article 88. EXCEPTION:
Where aisles are precluded by rack storage systems. alternate methods of access and protecllon are allowed when approved by the chief. 8102.9.2 Width. 8102.9.2.1 General. Aisle width
shall be in accordance with Section 8102.9.2. EXCEPTIONS: L Cross aisles used only for employee access between aisles shall be 24 inches (609.6 mm) or more in width, 2. Aisles separating
shelves classified as shelf stOrage shall be 30 inches (762 mm) or more in width. 8102.9.2.2 Sprinklered buildings. Aisles in sprinklered buildings shall be 44 inches 0117.6 mm) or more
in width. Aisles shall be 96 inches (2438.4 mm) or more in width in high·piled storage areas exceeding 2,500 square feet (232.26 m2) in area and designated to contain􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁨􀁡􀁺􀁡􀁲􀁤􀀠commodities, Aisles shall be96 inches (2438.4 mm) or more in width in public accessible areas where mechanical stocking rnerhods are used. 8102.9.2.3 Nonsprinklered
buildings. Aisles in nonsprinklered buildings shall be 96 inches (2438.4 mm) or more in width, 8102.9.3 Clear height. The required aisle wid,hshall extend from floor to ceiling. Rackstruclurnl
supports and catwalks are allowed to cross aisles at a heighr 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) or more above the level of the finished floor. provided that such supports do not interfere with
fire 􀁤􀁥􀁰􀁡􀁲􀁴􀁾􀀠 ment hose stream trajectory. 8102.9.4 Dead ends. Dead end aisles shall be in accordance with the Building Cnde (see U.B .C. Chapter 10), 8102.10 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in accord· ance with U.F.e. Standard 10·1. 1-357 
8103-8104.3.2 1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE SECTION 8103 -SOLID-PILED AND SHELF STORAGE 8103.1 General. Shelf storage and storage in solid piles. solid piles on pallets and binbox storage in
binboxes not exceeding 5 feet (1524 mm) in any dimension shall be in accordance with Sections 8102 and 8103. 8103.2 Fire Protection. 8103.2.1 General. When fire sprinklers are required
by Thble gl-A. an approved automatic fire sprinkler system shall be installed. The design and installation of the automatic ftre sprinkler system and other applicable ftre protection
shall be in accordance with the Building Code (see U.B.C. Standard 9-1) and U.F.C. Standard 81-1. 8103.2.2 Shelf storage. Shelf storage greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) but less than 15
feet in height shall be in accordance with the fire-protection requirements set forth in U.F.c. Standard 81-1. Shelf storage 15 feet (4572 mm) or more in height shall be prole<:ted in
an approved manner with special flre protection, such as in-rack sprinklers. 8103.3 Pile Dimension and and Height Limitations. Pile dimensions, the maximum permissible storage height
and pile volume shall be in accordance with Table 81-A. 8103.4 Array. When a fire sprinkler system design utilizes protection based on a closed array. army clearances shall be provided
and maintained as specifled by the standard used. SECTION 8104 RACK STORAGE 8104.1 General. Rack storage shall be in accordance with Sections 8102 and 8104. Binboxes exceeding 5 feet
(1524 mm) in any dimension shall be regulated as rack storage. 8104.2 Fire Protection. 8104.2.1 General. When fire sprinklers are required by Table 81-A, an approved automatic fire sprinkler
system shall be installed, The design and installation of the automatic fire sprinkler system and other applicable file protection shan be in accordance with the Building Cede (see U.B.C.
Standard 9-1) and U.F.c. Standard 81-2. 8104.2.2 Plastic pallets and shelves. Storage on plastic pallets or plastic shelves shall be protected by approved specially engineered flre-protection
systems, 8104.2.3 Racks with solid shelving. 8104.2.3.1 General. Racks with solid shelving having an area greater than 32 square feet (2.97 m2), measured between approved flue spaces
at all four edges of the shelf, shall be in accordance with Section 8104.2.3. EXCEPTlON: Racks with mesh. grated, sianed or similarshelvcs having unironn openings not more Ihan 6 inches
(152.4 mm) apart. comprising at leasl50 percent of overall shelf area, and with approved flue spaces. are allowed to be treated as racks without solid sbelves. 8104.2.3.2 Fire protection.
Fire protection for racks with solid shelving shall be in accordance with the requirements for racks with solid shelving set forth in U.F.C. Standard 8l-2 or other nationally recognized
standards. See Article 90, Standard f. I. I. 8104.3 Flue Spaces, 8104.3.1 General. Flue spaces shall be provided in accordance with Section 8104.3. Required flue spaces shall be maintained.
8104.3.2 Transverse flues. Racks that are not protected with an approved tn-racle sprinkler system shall have nominal3-inch (76.2 mm) transverse flue spaces provided between loads or
at rack uprights. Random variation in width or in vertical alignment is allowed, provided the configuration does not obstruct water penetration. 1-358 
1994 UNIFORM FIRE CODE 8104.3.:>-8104.5.2 8104.3.3 Longitudinall1ues. Six·inch (152.4 mm) longitudinall1ue spaces shall be provided in double and multirow racks. EXCEPTION: Longitudinal
flue spaces in 􀁤􀁯􀁵􀁢􀁬􀁥􀁾􀁲􀁯􀁷􀀠rack!> not exceeding 25 feel (7620 mm) without solid shelving that are provided with 􀀶􀁾􀁩􀁮􀀨􀁨􀀠(IS2,4 mm) lran5verse flue spaces. 8104.3.4 ESFR
sprinklers. Longitudinal flue spacing shall be provided in rack configurations that are protected by early suppression· fast response (ESFR) sprinklers. 8104.4 Column Protection. Steel
building columns shall be protected in accordance with v.F.e. Standard 81·2. 8104.5 ExtTahlgh-rack Storage Systems. 8104.5.1 Required approvals. Approval of the chief shall be obtained
prior to installing extra· high·rack combustible storage. 8104.5.2 Fire protection. Buildings with extrahigh.rack combustible storage shall be protected with a specially engineered automatic
sprinkler syslem. Extrahigh-rack combustible s(orage shall be provided with additional special fire protection, such as separation from other buildings and additional 􀁢􀁵􀁩􀁬􀁴􀁾􀁩􀁮􀀠􀁦􀁩􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁰􀁲
􀁯􀁴􀁥􀁣􀁴􀁩􀁯􀁮􀀠features and fire department access, when required by the chief. 1-359 
" TABLE 81-A-GENERAL FIRE-PROTECTION AND LlFE·SAFETY REQUIREMENTS i 1------COMMODITY CLASS , LJ'\1 High huznrd SIZE Of HIGH,PILED SlOFIAGE AIlEA1 (1lQ. fl.) !Su Slcllan 8102.2) ! x 0.0929
for rot "a....uII .. "",,"'I 􀁏􀁾500 : 􀁾􀀺􀀺􀀠 501·2,500 I .,-, ..-, 2,SOI-12.000 Public accessible f-2.501-12,000 Nonpublic 􀁾􀁣􀁣􀁥􀁳􀁳􀁩􀁢􀁬􀁥􀀠 I----_(Opt;o. I) 2,50 I -1 2,000
Nonpubllc accessible (Option 2) 12,001-20,000 20.00 1-500.000 Greater than 500;aoos 0·500 501-2.500 Public accessible 501-2,500 Nonpublic aL'Cessible Yes NR Yes Yes Yes NR Yes +-"'N""R---j-NR.----I-N
R 􀁎􀁾􀀠 Yes 􀁾􀀭􀀭 􀁹􀁾􀁳􀀠 ------------􀀭􀁾􀀠 Ves Yes NR Yes Yes Ves NR Yes Yes Ve' NR Ye' Ye' Yes NR NR' NR NRC! NR NR" NR NR' -NR6 NR I NRJ SCUD·PllED STORAGE, SHELF STORAGE ANO
PALLETtZED STORAGE 􀀨􀁾􀁥􀀠􀁾􀁤􀁬􀁬􀁬􀁮􀀠81M.3} MaXlmllm Maximum f'ermls:sibla PliO' Dlmtn-􀁓􀁬􀁴􀁬􀁾􀀱􀀠 Maximum 1'11& I """1'.1 _ H",M In.J Yolum. itl!. fl.) x3(J48lnrmm x OJtZaflor
iri3" NR NR NR 100 40 100.000 100 40 400.000 NR 100 40 -400.000 ---Ye, 100 I 301 200,000 ! Yes 100 40 400.000 Yes 100 40 400,000 Yes 100 40 400.000 NR 50 NR NR NR 50 30 75,000 50----30----------NR
75.000 (Opt;o. I) --I SOI·2,SOiI NR 􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁹􀁥􀁳􀁾􀁟􀀱􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁹􀁥􀀻􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭 􀁹􀁾􀁳􀀠 Yes -+-----:; --r--sor--io-r--50,QOO Nonpublic accessible 1----__ IOpoon 2) 2,501·300,000 ¥c;;
NR Yes +-Ycs--Yes Yes. 50 􀀮􀁾􀀮􀀭 --t-----7s.ooo 􀁟􀁾􀀠300,00 1.500.000&:';-I YeliNR Yes Yes 􀁾􀀠 􀁙􀁥􀁾􀀠 Yes 50 30 75,000 Nk = Nvl required, 'The size or Ihe high-piled slornge area
10 be considered when ul>ing this 1;lblc shlil/mciude Ihe high·piled storage area and all portions oflhe building nO! separated (rom Ihe high-piled storage area in accordance with Section
8l02.2. 2For aisles. see Section 8102.9. .3Curtllil'l hoards shuH be lOstnlled as required by the Building Code. Sec U.B.C. Section 906. 􀁾􀀠 ;i. 􀁾􀀠 I 􀁾􀀠 ::!l 1\1 8 o m 􀁾􀀠 
4Piles shall be separaled by aisle... complying with Section 8102.9. 5For.storage in 􀁥􀁾􀁣􀁥􀁳􀁳􀀬 of the height tndicated, spedal fire protection shall be provided in accordance with
footnote 8 when required by the chief. See also Ankles 79 and 88 for speclallimilalions for flammable and combuslible liquids and aerosols. 6Section 902.2 shall apply for fire apparatus
access, 7For storage exceeding 30 feel (914 mm) in height. Option I shall be used, 8Special fire-proteclion provisions SUCh as, but nollimlted to, (ire protection of exposed steel columns;
increased sprinkler density; additional in-rack sprinklers, without associated reductions in ceiling sprinkler density; or additional fire department hose connections shall be provided
when required by the chief. 9High-piled storage are3sshall nOot ex.ceed SQO,OOOsquare feel (46 451.5 m2). A Iwo·hour area separation wall shall be used to divide high-piled storage exceeding
500,000 square feet (46 451.5 m2) in area. TABLE 8Hl-REQUIREMENTS FOR CURTAIN BOARDS AND SMOKE VENTING' (See Secllons 8102.6.4 and 8102.7.3) 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 -§i 􀁾􀀠 !ll Jl ::0 III 􀁾􀀠 _
... . CDMMODITY CLASSIFICilTION I·IV , (Option I) c----.. I (OpHtioVn 2) 'I 􀁾􀀠 I HIgh hazard cCOPdQnl) 􀁈􀁾􀁨􀀠hazard ( plion 2) . 􀁾􀁅􀁓􀁉􀁇􀁦􀁴􀁁􀁔􀁅􀁏􀀠STORAGE I􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀂷􀁲􀁗􀁉􀁍􀁕􀁍􀁁􀁁􀁅􀁁􀁆􀁏
􀁒􀁾􀁏􀀠J􀁾􀁾􀀭 􀁍􀁁􀁘􀁉􀁍􀁩􀁊􀀻􀁉􀁦􀁓􀁐􀁁􀁣􀁩􀁩􀁩􀁾􀁍􀁁􀁘􀁉􀁍􀁕􀁍􀀠DISTANCE 10 CURTAIN aOAllD BY CURTAIN aoARD OF VENT CEllffilS VENTS: FROM WAll OR HEIGHT (ft.j I O:tmfilt.J (Iq. _ft
•.} VEHT Al'lEA10 FLODR (It) ____ 􀁾􀁾􀁦􀀡􀁔􀁾􀁉􀁾􀀠BOARDS' 􀁾􀀢􀀮􀀩􀀠 x 3048 101 mm ){ UI929 􀁉􀁾􀁲􀁾􀀠 AREA RA1!O x3M11lot mm 20 or less 6 10.000 1,100 100 60 over 20·40 6 8,000 1:15
Joo 55 20 or less 4 3.000 1:75 100 55 over 20-40 4 3.000 1:50 100 50 20 or less 6 6,000 1:50 100 50 over 20-30 6 6,000 1:40 90 45 20 or less 4 4,000 1:50 100 50 over 20-30 4 2,000 J:30
75 40 IFor rack !;torage heights In 􀁥􀁸􀁣􀁥􀀮􀁾􀁳􀁯􀁦􀁬􀁨􀁯􀁳􀁥􀀠Indlcaled, see Secllon 8104.5. Forsoltd-pl1ed storage heights In ex.cessof thOl>e mdicated, an approved engineered design
shall be used. 2When curtain boards are provided in buildings equipped with early 􀀵􀁵􀁰􀁰􀁲􀁥􀀡􀁜􀁳􀁩􀁯􀁮􀁾􀁦􀁡􀀮􀁳􀀱􀀠response sprinklers, !hecunain boards shall he located only at
Iheperimetersorsprinkler systems. 3The distance specified is the maximum distance from any vent in a particular curtained area 10 walls Of curtain boards which fonn fhe perimeler of
the curtained area. s t i" 􀁾􀀠 "' ® 
10. Sec. 5-13.2 is revised as follows: Sec. 5-13.2. Sprinklers shall be installed at the ceiling and beneath shelves in single-, double-and multiple-row racks with solid shelves, as
set forth in U.F.e. Section SIA02 (c), in accordance with Table No. 5-13.2. Design curves for 􀁣􀁯􀁭􀁢􀁩􀁮􀁾􀁤􀀠ceiling and in-rack sprinklers shall be used with this type of storage
configuration. TABLE NO. 5·13.2-SPRINKLER REQUIREMENTS FOR SOLID SHELF STORAGE COMMODITY CLASS STORAGE HEIGHT (It.) SPRINKLERS REQUIRED IN-RACK Shell Area 32-50 Square Feet Shell Area
Greater Than 50 Square Feet Over 12-20 I level t Every tier of storage I·IV Over 20-25 2 levels2 Every tier of storage Over 25 J , High hazard Over 12 Every tier of storage Every tier
of !>torage 'Locate one level of in-rack sprinklers at a height of one halflO two thirds oflhe rack height. 2Locate one level of in-rack sprinklers at a height of one fourth to one third
of the rack height and a second level at two thirds to three fourths of the rack height. 3PrOlect in accordance with nationally recognized standards. See U.F.C. Section 2.304 (b). Standard
No. f.I.I. 11. Sec. 6-1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the Building Code. See U.B.c. Standard No. 38-1" for the phrase "Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13." 12. Sec.
7-1 is revised by substituting the phrase "the Building Code. See U.B.e. Standard No. 38-1" for the phrase "Installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA 13." 13_ Sec_ 8-1.4, Exception 4,
is revised by substituting the phrase "the Building Code. See U.B.e. Standard No. 38-1" for the phrase "NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems." 14. Sec. 8-1.5 is revised
by substituting the phrase "the Building Code. See U.B.C. Standard No_ 3S-I" for the phrase "NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems." 15. Sec. 9-1.2 is revised by substituting
the phrase "the Building Code_ See U_B.e. Standard No. 38-1" for the phrase "NFPA 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems." 16_ Sec. 10-2_3 is revised by substituting the phrase "the Building
Code. See U.B.C. Standard No. 38·1" for the phrase "NFPA 13, In· stallation of Sprinkler Systems." 17. Chapters 11, 12 and 13 are deleted. Part II Reproduced with pennission from the
Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, NFPA 231C, copyright 1991, National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy. Massachusetts 02269. Persons desiring to reprint
in whole or part any ponion of the Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, NFPA 23IC-1991. must secure pemlissian from the National Fire Protection Association. The followine is not
necessarily the latest revision used by NFPA. If the reader desires to compare that version, the same is available ('rom NFPA. Also: Add a V.F.e. standard as follows: UNIFORM FIRE CODE
STANDARD NO. 81-3 MECHANICAL SMOKE-REMOVAL SYSTEMS See Section 81.206 (a), Uniform Fire Code Scope Sec. 81.101. Mechanical smoke-rcmoval svstems designed to remove smoke from high-piled
storag.e areas after'a [lrc is 􀁥􀁘􀁬􀁩􀁮􀁾􀁧􀁵􀁩􀁳􀁨􀁥􀁤􀀠 and assislthe fire department during suppression opcrations shall be in accordance with this standard. When mechanical smoke-removal
systems are provided, curtain boards shall be provided as required by U.F.c. Section 81.207. System Capacity Sec. 81.102. The volume of mechanical ventilation required shall be detennined
by the following fomlUla: I'=Ax300 WHERE: V volume of mechanical ventilation required, in cubic feet per minUle. A area of roof vents required by Table No. SI-B, in square feel. Supply
Air Sec. 81.103. Supply air forexhausl fans shall be provided at or near the noar level and shall be sized to provide a minimum of 50 percent of required el(hausL Openings for supply
air shall be uniformly distributed around the periphery of the area served. Fans Sec 81.104. Fans shaH be in accordance with the following: (a) The individual capacity ofa fan shall
not el(ceed 30,OOOcubic feel per minute; (b) One or more exhaust fans shall be provided in each curtained area, and when more than one el(hausl fan is provided in a curtained area. the
fans shall shall be unifonnly spaced within the curtained area. The distance between fans within a curtained area shall not el(ceed 100 feet; (c) Wiring and smoke· removal fan units
shall be thennally protected in a manner that will provide continued operation for not less than 15 minutes while exposed [0 a temperature of 1,000°F.; and EXCEPTION: Wiring and electrical
equipment installed on Ihe exterior of the building. (eI) Controls for mechanical smoke-removal systems shall be as follows: I. On combination comfort air-handling and smoke-removal
systems. and on independent comfort air-handling systems, fans shall be controlled to shut down in accordance with the automatic shutoff requiremems of the Mechanieal Code or by activation
of automatic extinguishing or detection systems; 2. Electrical service to the smoke-removal systems shall be con· m!cted on the line side of the main electrical disconnect; and 3. The
smoke-removal system shall be provided with a fire department control panel located in an approved location location and clearly identitied. The control panel room shall be protected
by not less than a onehour occupancy separation in accordance with the Building Code. The room shall be accessible from [he exterior of the building. Automatic sprinkler protection shall
be provided in the control room. Reason: The revisions were 100 comprehensive to be fully reviewed at the hearing, Staff Note: Tile Code Del'elopmelH Commiltee directed sraffto prim
the di5cll'I'I"OI'{I/(/.\' I'('I'i.\'l!d 1·/!I'.tiOIl ill Ihe Annual Report of the Code Development Committee lOal/ou' clUJllenges 10 he hased 011 ,he revised version. Following the
hearing, siaffme' \\'i,II 'he 1)1"01)0IleIll5 10 l'e50/I'e additional outstallding issues. As cl reslIll of 􀁉􀁬􀁬􀁩􀀮􀁾􀀠 􀁭􀁥􀁥􀁬􀁩􀁬􀁬􀀮􀁾􀀬􀀠I/Umerou5 additional revisiOl/s beyond
Ihose suhmilled {II ,lie IIearillg "m'e heell made. Tile I·U.fioll primed hereil! liaS heen proI'hied lIy Ille 1'I'OI)olIell/.( to I'{·.whe Ihe C(lncems presented allhe heari/l!: and
la IIIcorporalt' xwff COlllmelll.f. Proponent's Reason Substantiating the Revised Proposal: This updated version of th.: Article 81 rewrite is bas.:d on the activity of the Article 81
rewrite suhcmnlllillee that was fomled by the Southern California Fire Prevention Officers Unironn Fire Code Commillee. This subcommiuee has been in operation fur two ycars and has commiued
oVer 30 eight-hour days of meetings. plus countless hours of individu:ll rcsearch. to assemble this rewrite of Article 81. 􀁔􀁨􀁩􀁾􀀠commillee was made up mainly of fire marshals and
fire protection engineers from fire department!> around the United Slates. Other contributing members included fire protection consultants. representatives from Faetory Mutual Engineering..
fire sprinkler contractor.>. representatives from the smoke and heat V':Tlt industry. and fire sprinkler manufacturers. The purpose of the rewrite is 10 update the requirements for high-piled
combustible slordge to reflect more current fire-protection philosophy. The changes that have been made to the current arucles are outlined below, Overall. Article 81 has hcen rewnllen
to include three divisions. Division I includes administrative and general requirements. Division II includes general firc-and life-safcty provisions and directly correlates with Table
No. 81-A, Division 111 includes specific requirements for solid-pile and similar storage, and Division IV 􀁩􀁮􀁣􀁬􀁵􀁤􀁣􀁾􀀠specific requirem.:nts for raek and similar storage. The 94

I article was divided inlo four divisions to make the code more user friendly and make the application of the code by the fire inspector an easier fask. Division I. For consistency wilh
code formal. all general definitions will be located in Article 9. Many 􀁾􀁥􀁷􀀠definitions have been added. These include "array"; "array, closed"; "'binbox"; "curtain board"; 􀀢􀁥􀁸􀁦􀁲􀁡􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾
􀁲􀁡􀁣􀁫􀀠combustible storage"; "shelf􀁳􀁬􀁯􀁲􀁡􀁧􀁥􀀢􀀻􀁾􀀢􀁳􀁯􀁬􀁩􀁤 shelving"; and"transverse flue space." The curremdefinition of solid shelving !sone of the major areas ofenforcen"!enl
problems with Ankle 81. The commiuce agreed that tile 1991 Unifonn Fire Code Standard No. 􀀸􀀱􀁾􀀲􀀠allows solid shelves that are much tOO large. For example, assuming standard 8M fool
rack uprights, and a rackdeplh of4 feet. 􀁕􀁮􀁩􀁦􀁾􀁮􀁮􀀠􀁾􀀻􀁩􀁲􀁣􀀠 Code Standard No.8 i -2 would allow double-row rdcks Jess than 25 feel 10 helght to have soUd shelves 64 square
fee! in area (rack width times distance belween uprights timcs tWi,) for each side of the raek. 4 feet x8 feel x 2;::: 64 square feel) Note that longitudinal flue spaces are Il{)[ required
for doub!ewrow racks under 25 feet in 􀁾􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁴􀀠Factory Mutl!al. Engineering Loss Prevention Data Sheet 􀀸􀀭􀁾􀀳􀀠 defines sohd shelves as shelves having an area greater than 20 square
fecL Dlf· ferent protection requirements are provided based on 20 square feet. 20 to 5.0 square feet. and over 50 square feeL The commiuee evaluated these twO poSLw lions and used engineering
judgment to conclude thaI solid shelves greater than 32 squate feet create a fire hazard significant enough to require rack sprinkler protection, This decision is bascd on research that
showed no conclusive fire testing has been conducted to clarify [his issue. Factory Mutual Engineering's posilion is based on judgment that greater Ihan one panet (approx:im3Iely 20
square feet) couid obstruct sprinkler water penetration through a rack.l1le 􀁰􀁯􀁳􀁩􀁾􀀠 tion taken by the 1991 Uniform Fire Code Standatrl No.8 I􀁾􀀲􀀠is also based on engineering judgment.
Section B-5-13.2 states thai "these tcslslsolid soclving fire tests} did not yield sufficient infonnation [0 develop a comprehensive protection standard for solidshelfracks. Items such
as increased ceiling density, use of bulkheads, other configurations of sprinklers in racks, and limitation of shelf length and width require consideration," . Submittal requirements
have been increased to require the permil applicant for 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁾􀁰􀁩􀁬􀁥􀁤 storage buildings to provide specific information thai is needed for the fire depanmem to ptovlde for proper
regulalion. In Section 8Lim (b), required infonnation includes 14 different informational items [hat are needed by the fire department so that proper determination for fire protecrion
can be made, Classifications of commodities were updtned. A tremendous amount of research and effon went into this process. Individuals from throughout the United States contribuled
to this effort. The Jist provided renects the vcry late:>! results of researeh and technology. At the request of the Code Development CommjUee. descriptions of Groups A. B and C plastics
have been added in Seclion 81.104 (b). Accompanying the descriptions are lists of common plastics by group classificatlon. The Code Development Commilteedecided Ihat 􀁴􀁨􀁥􀁾􀁥􀁤􀁥􀁳􀁣􀁲􀁩􀁰􀁬􀁩􀁯􀁮�
�􀀠were needed by a fire inspector enforcing the Uniform Fire CQde. The elassification ofpvc. based on Ihe amOUIHS of piasticizer, has been added to the code. TItis was based on research
done with members of the NFPA 231 commiuee. The age-old problem of classifying mix.ed commodities has been addressed in Section 81.104. The amount of unex.panded and expanded Group A
plastics which may be allowed in a package. canon or pallet load without increasing rhecommodity c1a$$ificaw tion is found in Figure No. 81. 104-A. an adaptation ofFactory Mutual Engineetiog
and Industrial Ri$k Insurers standards, Onee the commodity classification forthe box.. carton or pallet load is delermined, Section 81. t04 (c) provides guid· anee for how much of a
higher-hazard commodity is allowed in a given prodUCI mix without increasing the commodity Classification and the fire-protection requirement$. The new Anicle 81 also introduces a neWcort(;epl
of designating the $Iotage area to irnlicate the commodity class mat the :lrea was designed for, Nonnatly. this will correspond 10 the highesl eommodilY class slored, bUI Section 81.105
(b} aHows small quantities of higher-hazard commodity ohhesprin!<.Iersystem to deliver blgh enough waterdcnsity from the finu sprinklers openu· ing to meet the required density for controlling
the small quamity of higherhazard commoohy. The amolJnt oftbe higher·hazard commodify allowed mUSl be detennined by an engineering analysis. 'fbI!.; analysis must consider the following
two principles: L It is generally believed that the most impenant faClor in protecting a {;om· modity is the sprinkler density. The higherthe.denl<ity. tbe greater the chance of controiHng
the fire. This appears 10 be the r'JIlOnale used by Factory Mutual in reducing tbe area density curves of Dala Sheet 8-25, General lndoor Storage {essentially NFPA 231), and Dala Sheet
􀀸􀁾􀀳􀀳􀀬􀀠Rack Stomgc (essenliaHy NFPA 231C), to single-point arca/densiLY paramelers depending on the commodity classification. 2, Research shows that {he area of 􀁯􀁾􀁥􀁲􀁡􀁴􀀡􀁯􀁮􀀠of
sprinklers rcsponding \0 a tire is nonnally approximately five to 10 time:; tbe area of the fire. Therefore, given a sprinkler system capable of 􀁾􀁲􀁯􀁶􀁩􀁤􀁬􀁮􀁧􀀠JI :>pecifictl demmy
over a $pecified operating area, the 􀁮􀁾􀁭􀁢􀁥􀁲 of 􀁳􀁰􀁾􀁭􀁫􀁬􀁣􀁲􀁳􀀠which can opentte at a hIgher den$ity can be used 􀁴􀁯􀁤􀁥􀀨􀁃􀁲􀁾􀁭􀁮􀁥 􀁴􀁨􀁥􀁱􀁵􀁡􀁮􀁬􀁬􀁬􀁾􀁏􀁦a 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁣􀁲􀁣􀁬􀁡􀁳􀁳􀁣�
�􀁭􀁭􀁯􀁤􀁾􀀠 ity which ean be stored with a lowcr elass commodity. Hydraulic calculations must be ptOvi?ed whU;h verifythc: abililyofthe sprin. kler system to provide !his higbe: density,
SCCllon 􀁾􀀱􀀮􀀱􀀰􀀵􀀠(b) provide:; further safety factors hy limiting the maximum area oftbe blgher.hazardcommodity 10 ($J 120 square feel in anycomiguous area. Use of this method will
allow lhe 􀁪􀁮􀁳􀁰􀁥􀁣􀁾􀀠 lor or plan checker 10 accurately timil and proleci mixed commodity storage. Requirements fot aisle maintenance, ignrrioncontrol, smoking areas and porlable
fireex!inguishers have been provided in acon:;olidated seClion for mainrenance, Seetion 8 1.106, Also. the requirements for evacuation plans in 􀁰􀁵􀁢􀁴􀁩􀁣􀁾􀁯􀁣􀁣􀁵􀁰􀁩􀁥􀁤􀀠warebouses
have been added based on the fire chief's discretion, depending on the size and risk of the building in question, These are in Section 81.103 (c). Division II, A new Division it has
been created to set forth the general fireand tife-safely requiremcots. The sections in Division n track dosely wich requirements in Table No, &l-A. Division iladdresses many major issues..
For example. problems with aisles have been resolved, and the size and width of aisles based on thedifferem standard requirements ofthe Uniform Building Code have been corrected, Requirements
for small hoseconneclions have been maintained. The requirements for small hose 00 the hose connections is stililef! to Ihe discrelion of the fire chief. In very large warehouses where
travel distances to exits would exceed the ailowableoode limits, exit passageways would be required. The new Section S1.208 (b) would require a Clas$ I standpipe. which complies with
Unifonn Building Code Standard No. 3&-2. 10 be installed in these cases. Requirements for regulating industrial trucl";$ and battery charges have been placed in Ankle 11 so thal they
apply to all cases where industrial trucks are used in buildings. Ventilation requirements are located in Set:iions 81.206 and SL207 for improved organization. The ventilation topic
was the portion ofanide on exiting which Ihe proponent comminee fetl needed the most work. The basis for and documentation to suppon the use of smoke and heat vcnlS and curtain boards
in sprinklered bulldings is an 􀁡􀁧􀁥􀁾􀁯􀁬􀁤􀀠que$tion which has generated more disagreemenlsamong fire·protection profe..<;-sionals than any other high-piled 􀁦􀁩􀁲􀁥􀂷􀁰􀁲􀁯􀁬􀁥􀁣􀁾􀀠
lion issue. The reason for this problem is the lack of full-scale fire testing using smoke and heat vents and curtain boards;, None of the current NFPA or Factory Mutual Engineering
lests, which are the primary basi$ for all current fire-proteclion slandarris. incorporated smoke and heal vents and draft curtains in thc Ie..<;:ting process. ThU$. Onc's position on
this issue IS probabty based on insight gained from reaiwlife lire experience. theoretical evaluation or speculation, Two imponafil questions ncetled to be addressed: I. Do smoke and
heat 􀁶􀁥􀁭􀁾􀀠affect automatic fire sprinkler aClivation times? 2. Are smoke and heal vcnts beneficial for manunl firefighling. and when is IheOplttllUm lime for the smQke and heal
vents to activme in relation to fire sprinkler activation" To answef 􀁉􀁨􀁥􀁳􀁥􀁱􀁵􀁥􀁾􀁬􀁩􀁯􀁮􀁳􀀠and hopefully pUlthis issue 10 rest once and for all. a 􀁉􀁗􀁯􀁾􀁰􀁡􀁲􀁴􀀠program 􀁷􀁡􀁾􀀠establishe
d. First, documentation of all existing testing in this area was compiled and analyzed. Next. testing and researeh currently underway was ex.amined. The proponent eommiuee hoped Ihat
by looking at the research in nn analYllcal manner. the tllyth$ and misconceptions could be 􀀵􀁥􀁰􀁡􀁾􀀠 rated from the science and engineering, and a logieal conclusion could be reached.
The proponent contminee reaehed Ihe following conclusions: I, All completed research iudkates lhat smoke and beal vents do not have a detrimental affect on automatic sprinkler 􀁯􀁰􀁥􀁲􀁡􀁬􀁩􀁯􀁮􀁾􀀮�
�Smoke and heat vents do reduce ceiling temperJ.tures and improve visibililY for manual firefighting, 2. The !>l1loke and heat 􀁶􀁥􀁮􀁴􀁾􀀠should probably activate prior to llc\ivation
of the firc sprinkler:; 10 reduce lhe thickness of the upper layer and. tllus.lhe potential for smoke·logging of the building. 3. Curtnin boards provide no benefit in a sprinklered huilding
and could adversely affect sprinkler aCII\'ation and 􀁩􀁮􀁣􀁲􀁥􀁡􀁾􀁥􀀠the likelihood of 􀁳􀁭􀁯􀁫􀁥􀁾􀁬􀁯􀁧􀁾􀀠 ging. Ventilation 􀁲􀁥􀁱􀁵􀁩􀁲􀁥􀁭􀁥􀁭􀁾􀀠proposed in 􀁻􀁨􀁩􀁾􀀠rewrite
were written with these 􀁴􀀺􀁯􀁮􀁾􀀠 elusions in mind. Venting mti0s have been revised <Lnd cunain boards have been eliminated from "prinklered bUIldings, Due to an apparent lack of
perfonnance of mecb,,lnlcal smoke·rcmol'.t! 􀀩􀀨􀁶􀁾􀁬􀁣􀁭􀁳􀀮􀀠-;rnoke and heat vcnlS were selected as (he primary requirement, ,,,illl 􀁾􀁭􀀧􀁬􀀡􀁸􀁣􀁥􀁰􀁬􀁬􀁯􀁮􀀠to allow mechanical
smoke removill if smoke and heat Ven1S lin,': d('cmed to be impractical tty the chief (Le., in cold storage bui Idmg.s or where we,tlher conditions restricllhe reasonable application
of roof vent,,). Design requirements for m;.:ch;lI1ica! smoke removal have been placed in a newly created Unifonll Fire Code Standard No. 81-.1. The history of 􀁾􀁭􀁯􀁫􀁥􀀠;lIld hcal
vents and curtain boards in buifdings used for high-piled storage is somethin:;+ of a mystery. The fin-a U$C of Ihese device". although nOl documented, was repOl1cd to be in 1966 by
a Southern California lire depanment This applICation was based on judgments by the ftre marsh;)!. Thcre 􀁗􀁬􀁌􀁾􀀠no fire lestitl!? to 􀁣􀁾􀁬􀁬􀁬􀁦􀁩􀁭􀁬􀀠1111:> decision. Tn the 197!
edition of the UniformFire emil', Anide 35 was imroduced for high-piled combUlaible storllg('. Requirements for smoke and heal vemsand curwin 􀁨􀁯􀁡􀁲􀁤􀁾􀀠were esmblisbcd for all buildings l'Omaining 􀁨􀁩􀁧􀁢􀁾􀁰􀁩􀁬􀁥􀁤
􀀠Slornge. regardlClis of automatl(; fire protection. Section 35.107 staled that "draft curtains shall be provided to limit (he ::1f('3 of sprinkler opemtion and 10 aid [he opermion

ofroof vents, ,. No fire testing or research was done allhallime to justify Ihis 􀁰􀁯􀁳􀁩􀁾􀀠 tion. Articie 35 remained unchanged in the 1973 and 1976 edilions. A majorrewrile of Artide35,
which was later renamed Article 8 I, was undertaken forthe 1979 edition oflhe UnifoJm Fire Code. Researehconducted during this rewrite indicated that a mechanical smoke-removal system
was preferred and lhat smoke and heat vents and eunain boards were not required in buildings protected by an approved fire-extinguishing system as stated in Seetion g1.107 (a). Smoke
and heat vents and curtain boards were also not required in fully sprinklered buildings in the 1982 edition of the Uniform Fire Code. In the 1985 edilJOn, the Uniform Fire Code again
changed the smoke and heat vent and draft curtain requirements. Since the 1985 edition, the Uniform Fire Code has required either smoke and heat vents and draft curmins or mechanical
smoke removal and draft curtains in buildings used for high-piled storage, regardless of whether the the building was sprinklerw, No new research or fire testing was done to suppon this
change hl position. The most well-known and widely distributed testing on smoke and heat vents was work done by the Factory Mutual Researeh Corpol'arion in lis. Rhode Island tes.ting
facility in 1974. Factory Mutual's conelusion was that smoke and heat vents were detrimental to automatic fire sprinkler operation and, thus, should nOI be insta-Ued in sprinklered buifdings.
Unfonunarely. what is not commonly known is thal. due to the constraints of the Factory Mutual testing facility, these tests had no similarity to real-W<Jfld application or use of smoke
and heat vents. The mOSt striking problem, for example. is that the resling used vems placed on vertical waH sections, nol on a horizontal ceiling, as is found in most real-world applications.
This and other problems. in the committee's opinion. completely invalidated Factory Mutual's teSling. In 1982. the Illinois Institute of Technology Research (IITRI) began IrfRI ProjectJO
838.S-Fire Venting ofSpnnklered Buildings. This project consisted of experiments and testing designed to assess the influence of automatic tire venting on automatic tire sprinklers.
Eleven fuU-scale fire tests were conducted with automatic sprinklers and smoke and heat vents. to determine the behavior of each. The IITRt lestingconcluded that"lhe ability of 165"E-rated
automatic sprinkJers to control. or nearly control. a fire otherwise capable of growth in a large one-story structure is not impaired by the presence of automatic fire vcnts of typical
spacing and area." Purthennore, "venting appears to playa stronger positive role on 286"P. sprinkler controlled fires, based solely on lestS with pro· pane fires." In other words. the
smoke and heaf venlS were determined to have no dernmelllal effect on the automatic fire sprinkler system activation. The National Institute ofStandards and Technology {NIST) Building
and Fire Research Laboratory is nearing the conclusion of a two-year study designed to investigate the interaction of fire sprinklers and smoke and heat vents. The key objectives of
the project were (0 complete a collaborative research effort belween NIST and Factory Mutual Research; develop a compuler model, LAVENTS (link-activated vents and sprinklers), to simutate
lhe interaction of fire sprinklers and smoke and heat vents; and finally to conduct fuB-scale fire testS 10 validate the LAVENTS model. All but the fuJ1·scalefire testing has been complered.
One result from this study indicated that ceiling vents can have asignificant effect on controlling the thickness and lemperawre of smoke layerS, [hereby avoiding Ihc deleterious effect
of smoke logging associated with sprinkler operation. Other research projects are underway in Europe. The Swedish Fire Research Board has established an ad hoc committee 10 study this
topic:. This committee consists of an international collection of experts on smoke and heat venting. From this commiUee, a recem research project conducted byCOLT Intema!ional in Ghent.
Belgium. was. published. This project cons.isted of full·scale fire tesling to explore fire sprinkleris.moke vent interaction. Preliminary results show thai Ihe ventilation system had
little effect on the opening limes of the firs! operating sprinklers, Other testing done in Ponsmouth, England. also by COLT International. indicated that the lemperalure rise during
fires in buildings without fire vemilation was over three times greater than [he temperature rise for buildings with fire ventilation. In addition, operation ofthe venlilation syslemdid
nol hamper the operation ofthe fusibJe-1 ink devices which were $et to simulate the operation fire sprinklers. Another important discovery was made through NfST research. Due to interaction
with the various gas layers appearing during a fire wimin a sprinklered building, the role of curtain boards had become somewhat que. ..lionable. The likelihood of smoke logging a bullding
seems to increase as the depth of the upper layer (smoke layer along {heceilingj increases. Thedeepertheupper layer. the greater the amount of smoke that will beentrained by the water-droplets
from the sprinkler system and "oowndragged" into the lower layer. This lower layer ;s typically clean air, and infil!rationof smoke into this layer increases the likelihood of smoke
logging the buildlng. Thereby, since curtain boards increase thc depth of the smoke layer. they may increase smoke damage. Addilionally. standard automatic sprinklers control a fire
by oooling the fire itselfand preweuing the areaaroundthc fire. thus impeding fire growth. Installation of curtain boards oould prevenl this pre wetting of adjacen1 areas and adversely
affect sprinkler effecliveness. The aClivafionof a sprinkler is affected by many factors, including the ceiling temperature and ceiling jet or hear velocity. The LAVENTS model showed
that installing curtain boards will cause turbulence as Ihe ceiling jet makes contact with a cunain board. The turhulence could affect the rcsponliC oflhe sprinklers and cause skipping
of adjacent sprinklers. This eoncepl is suggested by NFPA 13, which requires reduced sprinkler spacing (t 30 square feet maximum) for sprinklers located below paneiized roof systems
versus sprinkler spacing below a smooth ceiling (200 square reel maxi· mum). National Fire Protection Agency 13 predicls that the irregularities in the surface below a panelized roof
system, pocketing of heat and lUrbulence can cause sklppingof adjacent sprinklers. Thus, sprinklers are required to be placed within these pocket areas. Division [II. This division addresses
solid-piled and shelf storage. Sec. 81.301. The applicability of Ihe division was refined from the general seopeof the article in Division I to clearly idemify that it appUes [() solid-pile
and shelf storage. Sec. 81.302. Provisions for fire protecrion were reworded for clarity; however, [he contents remain similar to Section &1.105 in the [991 edition, Sec. 81.303. This
section was added to identify that pile dimensions and heighllimits are established in Table No.8 [-A. 'The section also identifies the need for maintenance of aIsles as an ongoing housekeeping
iss.ue. Sec. 81.304. This section alerts the user aboul clearances for dosed arrays (when used) that must be maintained. As the clearances vary widelyamong types ofcommodities. the information
could not be condensed into precise code text. It is hoped that the user will be alerted to the possible presence of a closed array and refer to the appropriate fire-protection standard
used for that commodity. Division IV. This division addresses rack stornge, Sec. 81.401. The applicability of the division was refined from the general scope of the article in Division
i to dearly identify that this division applies to high-rack combustible storage. This section also provides for regulalion of large binboxes. The previous edl' tion of Article 81 did
not specifically identify binboxes, This section highlights that binboxes greater than 5 feel in any dimension are of sufficient size to result in fires similarlO those in rack storage,
so It regulatesoversized hinboxes as highrack storage, 'The related section in Division III identifies that smaller binboxes (less than 5 feet in any dimension) .are classified as solid-pile
storage. Sec. 81.402. Similar to Division n. provisions for fire protection were reworded for clarity; however. the COntents remain essentially the same as See· rion 8Ll05 in the 1991
U.F.C. Storage on plastic pallets or plastic shelves creates a hazard which is ooyond the typical hazard considered by this division and {he section requires that spe· cially engineered
fire protection must be employed. Sec. 81.403. Reqllirements Ihat nue spaces be provided and maintained are established, Provisionsare identified for nonsprinklered racks to maintain
(ransverse flue spaces to aHow overhead sprinklers or manual hose streams to effectively attack a fire. Longitudinal flue spaces are required for all racks (except dOuble-row racks not
exceeding 25 feet in heigh! without solid shelving). Because of the special considerations used for the desi'gn of ESFR sprinkler prolCCtion. Ihis section defers 10 the identified Uniform
Fire Code standard. Sec. 81.404. The section on column protection was specifically added to require that protection be provided. The previous adoption ofUniform Fire Code Standard No.
81-2 deleted all of Chapter 3. which also contained these provisions. This deletion resulted in significantly less protection than was being afforded under (unmodified) NFPA 231C. '
Sec. 81.405. Due to lheconcems thai extrahigh-rack storage systems raise. a provision was added that the chief approve all buildings proposed for such use. As these-systems are out of
reach of conventional ground«fjre attack methods. this section also requires that all buildings used fOf extrahlgh-rack slorage systems be provided with sprinklers. TIle difficulty in
controlling this type of fire and reliance on aerial apparaws prompted further requirements for additional buill-in fire protection. Unifocm Fire Code Standard No. 81·1. Uniform Fire
Code Standard No. 81-1 has been updated 10 the latest NFPA 23l (1990edition). Amendments have been made to Part I to basically keep it in line with the requirements of the Uni· fonn
Fire and Building codes. This will bring !he standard up to the current requirements and standards for the installation of fire protection in solid-pile storage warehouses. Uniform Fire
Code Standard No. 􀀸􀀱􀁾􀀲􀀮􀀠Uniform Fire Code Standard No, 81-2 has: been updated to the most current editionofNFPA 23tC (1991 edition), Part I provides amendmenls to resolve any conflicts
between the Uniform Pire Code and the Uniform Building Code. Changes [0 NFPA 231 C indude a new Chapter 8. which specifically addresses the protection ofGroup A plastics. h was lhought
that this standard was greatly needed. Section 5-13.2 has been revised to provide specific requirements for racks with solid shelving. The amount and placement of rack sprinklers is
based on the sile of Ihe solid shelf. [he commodity of malcrial stored and (he storage height These requlremenrs are similar to those appearing in Factory Mutual Engineer• ing Loss Prevention
Data Sheets 8-9 and 8·33. 
EARLY SUPPRtsS[ON FAST RESPONSE (ESFR) SPRINKLERS1R£FEREI"CED PUBLICATIONS 231-19 Chapter 9 Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers 9-1* GeneraL g·I.1 ESFR sprinklers shall
be permitted for the protection of cartoned plastics (Group A, B. or C) and Class I through [V commodities in paJletized and solid pite storage up to a height of25 ft (7,6 m), Exception:
ESFR protection as now defined does ""t apply to: 1" exposed plastics or expanded polystyrene plastic in cartons. 2. storage involving combustible open lOp carlons or 􀁣􀁯􀁮􀁾􀀠 lainers.
9-1.2* ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted for use in buildings having a maximum roof or ceiling height of 30 ft (9.1 m) and one of the foHowing types of roof construction: (a) Smooth
ceiling (b) Bar joist (c) Beam and girder (d) Panel 􀀹􀁾􀀱􀀮􀀳􀀠 Roof slope shall not exceed I in./ft. 9-2' Water Supplies. 9-2.1* ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed to provide
a minimum operating pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bars) to the 12 most hydraulically remote sprinklers, based on flowing four sprinklers in each of three branch lines. 9-2.2 A minimum of 250
gpm (161)s) shall be added to the sprinkler demand for combined large and small hose streams. 9-2.3 Water supply duration shaU be at least I hL 9·2.4 ESFR sprinklers shaU be limited
to wet·pipe systems. 9-3 Sprinkler System Design. 9..3.1 ·All requirements contained in NFPA 13, Sta.ndard for tlu! Installation of Sprinkler Systems, particularly Chapter 9 shaU apply,
except as modified by this standard, Chapter 10 Building Equipment, Maintenance, and OperatIOns I 10-1' Mechanical Handling Equipment. 􀁉􀁉􀁏􀁾􀀱􀀮􀁉􀂷􀀠 Industrial Trucks. Power-operated
industria! trucks shall comply with NFPA 505, Firesafety Slandarrl. far PtruJeTed Indusl1'ial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Ma.inlenance llnd Opemlion. I 10-2 Building
Service Equipment I 10..2.1 Electrical equipment shall be instaHed in 􀁡􀁃􀁃􀁏􀁲􀁾􀀠 dance with the provisions of NFPA 70, National Elecbical Code". 110.3 Cutting and Welding Operations.
􀀱􀀱􀀰􀁾􀀳􀀮􀀱􀂷􀀠 "Vhen welding or cutting operations are necessary. the precautions contained in NFPA 51 B, Standard [or Fire Prevenlim, in 􀁕􀀬􀁾􀁥􀀠of CUlling and Welding Processes,
shall be foHowed. When possible. work shall be removed to a safe area. 110.3.2 Welding. soldering, brazing. and cutting shall be permitted to be performed on building components that
cannot be removed, provided no storage is located below and within 25 ft (7,6 m) of the working area, and flameproof tarpaulins enclose this section. During any of these operations the
sprinkler system shall be in service. EXlinguishers suitable for Class A fires with a minimum rating of 2A and charged and manned inside hose Hnes. where 􀁰􀁬􀀢􀁏􀁾􀀠 vided. shall be
located in the working arQV.. A fire watch shall be maintained during these operations and for not less than 30 min following completion of open flame oper· ation. 110-4 Waste Disposal.
Rubbish, lrash, and other waste material shall be disposed of at regular intervals. 110.5 Smoking. Smoking Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in locations prominently designated
as smoking areas. "No Smoking" signs shaH be posted in prohibited areas. I 􀁬􀁏􀁾􀀶􀀠 Maintenance and Inspection. 110-6.1 Fire walls. nrc doors, and floors shaH be maintained in good
repair at aU times. 10-6.2 The sprinkler system and the Water supplies shall be maintained and serviced. (For fttrlher in[onnation see NFPA 13A, Recommended Practice for tlte Inspection,
'resting and Mai1Uenance of Spril1kler Systems.) I 10..7 Refrigeration Systems. Refrigeration systems, if used, shall conform to the recommendations of Safety Code faT Mechanical Refrigeralion,
ANS!/ASHRAE 15-70, Chapter 11 Referenced Publications I 11-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard and shaH be considered part of the requirements
of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 􀀱􀀱􀀱􀁾􀀱􀀮􀀱􀀠 NFPA Publications. National Fire
Protection AsSOCIatIon, I Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy. MA 02269-9 IO L NFPA 10-1990, Stfwdard for Portable Fir. ExtingILish", NFPA IIA·1988, Standard for Medium-and High·
Expansion Foam Systems 1990 Edition 
APPENDIX A 231-21 A-4-3.2 Storage should be separated by aisles so that pik"S are not more than 50 ft (15.2 m) wide or 25 ft (7.6 m) wide if they abut a wail. Main and cross aisles should
be located opposite window or door openings in exterior walls. This is of particular importance in buildings where exterior openings are few. Aisle width should be at least 8 ft (2.4
m). In judging the adequacy of existing sprinkler protection, aisle spacing and frequency should be given consideration. A-4-4 Idle pallet storage introduces a severe fire condition.
Stacking idle pallets in piJes is the best arrangement of combustibles to promote rapid spread of fire. heat release, and complete combustion. Mter pallets are used for a short time
in warehouses, they dry out and edges become frayed and splintered. In this condition they are subject to easy ignition from a small ignition source, Again, high piling increases considerably
both the challenge to sprinklers and the probability of involving a large number of pallets when fire occurs. A-4-4.1.1 (See Table A·4·4.1,1.) Table A-4....,l,l Recommended Clearance
Between Outside Idle Pallet Storage and Building. Wall Construction Minimum Distance, ft(m) of Wall from Storage of Wall Type OpeninJ{S Under I 50 to 50 I 200 Pallets ! Pallets Over
200 Pallets Masonry None 0 0 0 Wired glass with outSide sprinklers I-hr doors 0 10 (3.0) 20 (6.1) Wired or plain glass with ouLsiae sprmklers 1'4-hr dOOfS Wood or metal wilb .oulside
sprinklers 10 (3,0) 20 (6, I) 30 (9,1) Wood. metal. or other 20(6.1) 30 (9.1) 50 (15,2) Notes: L 􀁆􀁩􀁮􀀺􀀺􀁾􀁲􀁥􀁳􀁩􀀤􀁴􀁩􀁜􀀯􀁥􀀠 protetlion <:omparable to thaI of the wall should
also be provided for combustible cave lines. vent openings, etc, 2. When pallets arc stored (:Iose to a building. the height of storage should be restricted to pn:vent burning pallets
from falling on the building. 3. Manual (muide open sprinklers generally are not a reliaMe means of prutedion unless propeny is aucnded {o at all times by plant emergency personneL 4.
Open sf)rinklers (:onlrolled by a deluge valve <lre preferred A-4-4.2 A fire in stacks of idle plastic and wooden pallets js one of the greatest challenges to sprinklers, The 􀁵􀁮􀁤􀁥􀁲􀁾􀀠
sides of the pallets create a dry area on which a fire can grow and expand to other dry or partially wet areas, This process of jumping to other dry. closely located, parallel, combustible
surfaces continues until the fire bursts through the tOp of the stack. Once this happens, very little water is abJe to reach the base of the fire. The only practical method of stopping
a fire in a large concentration of pallets with ceiling sprinklers is by a great amount of prewetting. In high stacks this cannot be done without abnormally high water supplies, The
storage of empty wood panets should not be permitted in an unsprinklered warehouse containing other storage. 􀁁􀂷􀀵􀁾􀀴􀀠 At windowless warehouses and where windows are scant, hydrants
should be located at or in the vicinity of entrances. A-5-5 Manual fire fighting operations in a storage Warehouse are not a substitute for sprinkler operation. The sprinkler system
should be kept in operation during manual fire fighting operations until visibility has cleared so that the fire can be clearly seen and the extent of fire reduced to a stage requiring
only mopping up. [t is essential that charged hose lines be available before venting is started because of a possible increase in fire intensity. When a sprinkler valve is dosed. a responsible
person should remain at the valve so it can be opened promptly if necessary. The water supply for the sprinkler system should be augmented where possible and care exercised that the
water supply for the sprinkler system is not rendered ineffective by the use of exces&ive hose streams. Where a private fire brigade is provided. sufficient large hose [2'1. in. (64
mm)] and related equipment should be available. A-6 The following procedure should be followed ;n deter· mining the proper density and area as specified in Chapter 6. L Determine the
commodity class. 2. Select the density and area of application from Figure 6-1.2(a) or Figm'e 6·1.2(b), 3. Adjust the required density for height of storage in accordance with Figure
6-2.2. 4. Increase operating area by 30 percent in accordance with 6-2.4 when a dry pipe system is used. 5. Satisfy minimum densities and areas as indicated in 5·1.2,5-1.2.1, and 5·1.2.2,
The following is an example using these procedures; Storage -greeting cards in boxes in cartons on pallets Height -22 ft (6,7 m) Clearance -6 ft (1.8 m) Sprinklers -decided to use 165'F
(74'C) sprinkler system -dry. 1. Classify -Class III 2. Select DensitylArea 0.225 gpmi3000 ft' (0.014 Us! 276 m') from Figure 6-1.2(a). 3, Adjust for height of storage 1.15 x 0.225 ;
0.259 From Figure 6·2,2 Round up ; 0,26 gpmlft' 4, Adjust area of operation for dry system -1.3 x 3000 􀁾􀀠3900 ft' (363 m') 5. Satisfy minimum densities and areas In 5-1.2 the minimum
for a dry sprinkler system is 0.15/2600 (this has been satisfied) for Class III. 1990 Edition 
APPENOtX B 231-23 allowed should be applied cautiously. For evaluation of existing siwatlons. however, the allowances may be quite helpful. A·7-2.1 An evaluation for each field situation
should be made to determine the worst applicable height-clearance relationship thal can be expected to appear in a particular case. Fire tests have shown that considerably greater demands
occur where clearance is 10 f[ (3.0 m) as compared [0 3 ft (0,9 m), and where a pile is stable as com· pared to an unstable pile. Since a system is designed for a particular clearance,
the system could be inadequate when significant areas do not have piling to the design height and Jarger clearances exist between stock and sprinklers. This can also be true where the
packaging or arrangement is changed so that stable piling is created where unstable piling existed. Recognition of these conditions is essential to avoid installation of protection that
is inadequate or becomes inadequate because of changes. No test.<; were conducted simulating simulating a peaked roof configuration. However, it is expected that the principles of Chapter
7 still apply. The worst applicable heightclearance relationship that can be expected to occur should be found, and protection designed for it. If storage is all at the same height,
the worst 􀁨􀁥􀁩􀁧􀁨􀁴􀁾􀁤􀁥􀁡􀁲􀁡􀁮􀁣􀁥􀀠relationship creating the greatest water demand would occur under the peak. If .commodities are stOl·ed higher under the peak, the various height-clearance
relationships should be tried and the one creating the greatest water dem.and used for designing protection. 􀁁􀁾􀀷􀀭􀀲􀀮􀀶􀀠 \Vet systems are recommended for storage occupancies. 􀁄􀁲􀁹􀁾􀁰􀁪􀁰􀁥􀀠s
ystems are acceptable only where it is impraclical to provide heat. 􀁁􀁾􀀹􀁾􀀱􀀠 ESFR sprinklers were designed to respond quickly to growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to "suppress"
fires rather than "control" them. ESFR sprinklers cannot be relied upon to provide suppression if they are used 􀁯􀁵􀁴􀁾􀀠 side these design pat·ameters. 􀁁􀁾􀀹􀀹􀂷1.2 Storage in single
story or multistory buildings is permissible provided the 30 ft (10 m) maximum ceiling! roof height is satisfied for each storage area, A·9·2 Design parameters were determined from a
series of full scale fire tests conducled as a joint effort between Factory Mutual and the National Fire Protection Research Foundalion. (Copies of the test reports arc available from
the NFPRF). I A-IO-I Locomotives should not be allowed to enter storage areas. I A·IO·Ll Industrial trucks using gas or liquid fuel should be refueled outside of the storage building
at a location designated tor that purpose. I A-IO·3.1 The usc of welding, cutting, soldering. or brazing torches in the storage areaS introduces a severe fire hazard. The use of mechanical
fastenings and mechanical saws or cuuing wheels is recommended. Appendix B This Apperu.lix is. 1101 a part of the re.qltirc1IIetlls of llti., NFPA document, but is inclnded for infarmatian
I)lU'P05J!S 01l1y. Appendix B explains and gives examples of the methods and procedures to foHow in using this standard to determine proper protection for Group A plastics, Metric Conversion
Facters for Examples To convert from to Multiply by feet (ft) meter (m) 0.3018 square feel 􀀨􀁦􀁴􀁾􀀩􀀠 􀁭􀁥􀁬􀁥􀁲􀁾􀀠􀀨􀁲􀁮􀁾􀀩􀀠 0.0920 gallmin (gpm) gal per min/fl1 (gpmJre} Iiter/5econd
(Us) liter per sccond/m"t 0.0631 0.679 [(Uli)!m'j Example 1 Building height __________26 It Sprinkler deflector height from floor _____ 25 ff Commodity rons of nonexpanded polyethylene
film on end on pallets. One roll completely fills one pallet. Each roll with pallet is 5 ft high. Stor.ge height normally ___20 ft Wet or dry sprinkler system wet Clearance normally
______5 ff Open OJ" dosed array _____ flue spaces arc 10 in.: open array. (The conclusions alTived at for water demand are 􀁴􀁨􀁥􀁯􀁲􀁥􀁴􀁾􀀠 leal minimum, Actual water demand will be
greater as a result of system sprinkler design.) It was decided commodity is a Group A plastic (see Commodiiy Classifications. Chapter 2). From storage description it was decided it
was solid-unit load storage (it would burn only on exterior of unh load) and it was determined it was nonexpanded. I From decision tree (see Figure 􀀷􀁾􀀱􀀮􀀱􀀩􀀠 Group A, nonexpanded.
stable. solid unit load, it says: to go to Figure 7·2,2{a), From Figure 7-2.2(a): For initial demand there is a range: 0.7 gprn/ft"l over 400 ft1 to 0.5 gpm/ft" over 780 ff' It is decided
to choose ........ 0.7 gpmlft' over 400 ft'. For secondary demand there is a range: 0.5 gpmlft' over 780 ft.' to 0,2 gpmlft' over 4,500 ft'. At least a 0.25 gpmlft2 difference between
the initial density and the secondary density is needed. Also a minimum final design area of 2,000 ft'! for the secondary point is necessary. Therefore. it is decided to pick 0,32 gpm/ftt
over 1,BOO ft'. 1990 Edition 
APPENDiX B 231-25 Com.modity: Rollt P.E. Film SUbWU ...... bk: St.ble Stonge Hdght: 20 Open/Cloeed Array! Open Fig. No. .n« Fact. 1,02 1.13 403 0.32 2.034 Nous: None 285gpm 􀁎􀁯􀁮􀁾􀀠
None 650 gpm Commodity: Rolls P.E. FUm Stonge Height: 15 Clear Space; 10 Stablc/UDJtable: 􀁓􀁴􀁡􀁢􀁬􀁾􀀠 Opcn/C1Med Array: Open Wet.ll>ry S}'!tem: 􀁗􀁾􀁴􀀠 Fig. No. Array Flllci. None
None 􀁎􀁯􀁮􀁾􀀠 .'102 gpm 9'12 gpm Commodhy; P,E. Boulrs Stonge Height: 18 ft Clear Space: 10 f[ 􀁓􀁴􀀮􀁡􀁢􀁬􀁾􀀯􀁕 􀁮􀁳􀁴􀀮􀁴􀁢􀁬􀁾􀀺􀀠Stable Open/ClMed Array: Open 􀁗􀁾􀀯􀁄􀁲􀁹􀀠System:
Wet Clear-Density Array Density D,y Dem",y • nce rea Fact. rea'Pmalty 􀁎􀁏􀁬􀁦􀁴􀁬􀁾􀀠 Fact. (Adj.1 (Adj.): \.26 0.86 756 None 650gpm 0.61 2.3 2.645 None None 1,6U gpm Commodity: P.E,
Botdts Storage Height: 24 ft Clear Spa«: 4 fl Stable/Unuable: Stable Open/Cloeed Array: Open Wet/Dry 􀁓􀁹􀀵􀁵􀁾􀁭􀀺􀀠Wet However, sometimes storage height is 24 ft high with 􀀴􀁾􀁦􀁴􀀠clearance.
The demand for 20-ft high storage and 11h·ft to 4'/2-ft clearance was: Initial demand: 0.9 gpm/f,' over 600 ft' Secondary demand: 0.65 gpmlft' over 1,150 ft'. However. since the clearance
factor for increasing the area is going to be small and a final area of at least 2.000 ft"l is needed, it is decided to pkk a density for the 􀁳􀁥􀁣􀁯􀁮􀁤􀁾􀀠 ary poim that would create
an area demand equal to or closer to the 2,000 ftil area. From Figure 7-2.2(c). 'he demand for 20-f' high storage and P/2-ft to 4-lh-ft clearance decided on was: Initial demand: 0.9
gpmlft' over 600 ft' Secondary demand: 0.50 gpmlft' over 2,000 f,'. To adjust for height use Figure 7-2.2.3: Initial demand: 108 percent X 0.9 gpmlft' = 0.97 gpmlft' Clear-Density Array
􀁾􀁮􀁳􀁩􀁴􀁹􀀠 D.y ;Density ance Fact. 0.91 0,97 600 1.00 .600 .600 2.000 LOO rea FacE. 􀀨􀁁􀁊􀁪􀀮􀁾􀀠Penalty tea (Adj.) (Adj.) NOIe3: 600 None 582 gpm 2.000 None None i.200 gpm Secondary
demand: 120 percent X 0.50 gpm/ft' 0.60 gpm/ft'. To adjust for clearance use Figure 7-2.2.2: Initial demand: 1.00 X 600 ft' 600 f" Secondary demand: 1.00 x 2,000 ft' = 2,000 ft'. Conclusion:
0.86 gpm/£t2 over 756 ftt = 650 gpm lS-ft high storage 0.61 gpmlfl over 2,645 ft2 = 1,613 gpm ) 10-ft clearance 0.97 gpm/ftzover 600 􀁦􀁴􀁾􀀠 ::; 582 gpm I24.£t high storage 0.60 gpmlftl1
over 2,000 ft'< = 1.200 gpm 4-ft clearance The gratest gpm demand would be for 18-ft high storage and 10-ft dearance. Therefore. the protection sepdfied would be: Initial demand: 0.86
gpm/ft' over 800 ft' Secondary demand: 0.61 gpm/ft' over 2,600 ft'. (Areas should be rounded to nearest 100 ft\!.) 1990 Edition 
I APPEI"DlX C 231-27 C-4.3 As the commodity class increases in combustibility, or where storage could be easHy ignited from radiation, wider aisles shouldbe provided. Smaller unit piies may be an alternative to wider aisles if yard space is limited. C-4.4 For outdoor idle pallet storage, see Section 4-4 and A-4-4.l.1 of this standard.
Separation between piles of idle pallets and other yard storage should be as follows: Pile Sae Minimum Distance (Ft) Under 50 pallets 20 (6 m) 50·200 pallets 30 (9.1 m) Over 200 palleL<;
50 (l5.2 m) C-4.5 Boundary posts with signs designating piling limIts should be provided to indicate yard area. roadway and aisle limits. C.·5 Buildings and Other Structures. C-5.1 Yard
storage, particularly commodities in [he higher heat release category, should have as much separation as is pF.lctical £l'om important buildings and structures, but not less than lhar
offered by NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Proteclion of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures. C-5.LiAs guidance in using NFPA 80A in establishing clear spaces, the following Classification
of Severity with Commodity Classes of this standard may be used on the basis of lOO percent openings reprcscnring yard storage: (a) Light Severity: Commodity Class L (b) Moderate Swcrily:
Commodity Class II. (c) Interpolate between Moderate and Severe Severity for Commodity Class I II. (d) Severe Severity: Commodity Class IV and Class A plastics. NOT£.: '(1)(: aoove guidelines
apply to the equivalent commodity classes of this standard. The 5cvcrity of the exposing building or !>tmcture s.hould also he a consideration when establishing a dear space. C·6 Yard
Maintenance and Operations_ C-6.1 The emire storage site should be kept free from accumulation of unnecessary combustible materials. Vegetation should be kept cm low. Procedures should
be provided for weed control and the periodic deanup of the yard area. e..G.! Adequate lighting shuuld be prQvided to allow supervision of an pans of the storage area at night. 􀁃􀁾􀀶􀀮􀀳􀀠
All electrical equipment and inslaiiations should conform to the provisions of NFPA 70, National Electrical Co<le. 􀁃􀁾􀀶􀀮􀀴􀀠 No heating equipment should be located or used within
the storage area. Salamanders, braziers, portable healers, and other open fires should not be used. C..6.5 Smoking should be prohibited, except in locations prominently designated as
smoking areas. "No Smoking" signs should be posted in prohibited areas. C-6.6 Welding and cutting operations should be prohibited in the storage area, unless the precautions in NFPA
5l B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Culling and Welding Processes, are followed. C-6.7 Tarpaulins, used for protection of storage against the weather, should be of fire retardant
fabric. C..6.8 Locomotives from which glowing particles may be emitted from exhaust stacks should not be permitted in the yard. 􀁃􀁾􀀶􀀮􀀹􀀠 Motorized vehicles using gasoline. diesel
fuel l or liquefied petroleum gas as fuel should be garaged in a separate detached building. C·6.9.1 Storage and handling handling of fuel should conform with NFPA 30. Flammable and
Combustible Liquids Code. and NFPA 58. Standard /01' Storage and HaruJling 0/Liquefied Petroleum Gases. C-6.9.2 Repair operations should be (ond ticted outside the yard unless a separate
masonry walJ building is provided. Vehicles should not be greased, repaired, painted, or otherwise serviced in the yard. Such work shou1d be conducted to conformity with NFPA 8gB, Standard
for Repair Garages. C..7 Fire Protection. C-7.1 Provisions should be made for promptly notifying the public fire department and private fire brigade (if available) in case of fire or
other emergency. C..7.2 Hydrants should be spaced to provide a sufficient number of hose streams. Refer to NFPA 24, Standard for ihe installation of P,ivate Fire Services Maim and Thei.r
Appurtenances. C-7.2.1 Pro\'isions should be made to permit direction of an adequate number of hose streams: on any pile or portion of the storage area that may be involved in fire.
[t is recommended that. unless adequate protection is provided by the municipal fire department. sufficient hose and other equipment be kept on hand at the storage property, suitably
housed, and pro\'ision be made for trained personnel available to put it into operation. C-7.2.2 Hydrants and all fi.·e fighting equipment should be accessible for use at all times.
No temp0J'dry storage should be allowed tu obstruct access to fire fighting 􀁥􀁱􀁵􀁩􀁰􀁾􀀠 ment, and any accumulatIon of snow or obstt·ucting material should be promptly removed. 􀁃􀁾􀀷􀀮􀀳􀀠
Monitor nozzles should be provided at strategic points where large quantities of highly combustible 􀁭􀁡􀁴􀁥􀁲􀁩􀁾􀀠 als are scored or where ayerage amounts of combustible materials
are stored in inaccessible locations, 1990 Edllion 
FIRE PROTECnON FEATURES 1420-11 with overhead cranes. These means should be identified and reviewed by emergency service personneL 5-3 Warehouse Emergency Organization. 5..3.1 The level
of emergency response capabilities and how these capabilities are utilized or interfaced with responding emergency personnel should be noted in the 􀁰􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁩􀁮􀁣􀁩􀁤􀁥􀁮􀁴􀀠plan. Local
procedures migbt specify totai evacuation without any effort to control an emergency incident or might specify an active employee response. The authority having jurisdiction or site
management might require the establishment of an emergency response organization of facility employees to specifically control fires. chemical spiUs. and related emergencies or to facilitate
evacuation or deliver emergency medical services. 5-3.2 Organizational Structure. An organizational structure and emergency contact list should be obtained from facility management.
The emergency contact list should be updated at least annually. At a minimum, this should include the process (name or location) to be foHowed to initiate contact during an emergency.
5-3.3 Assignment of Nonlire Fighting Duties. A current Jist ofassigned personnel should be available. and it should speciry responsibilities such as shutting off electricity and other
related utilities and controlling the BVAC systems. 5·3.4 Special Equipment Operation. Special equipment such as automatic rack retrieval systems and overhead cranes pose unique emergency
challenges. Emergency operating procedures and personnel for this equipment should be documented and readily available. 5·3J) Hazardous Materials Coordi.nator. Most warehouse facilities:
have some individual responsible for maintaining material safety data sheets (MSDS) and inventories for hazardous materials. Contacting this person(s) for 􀁯􀁮􀁾􀁳􀁣􀁥􀁮􀁥􀀠assistance
should be given priority at any emergency. Locations of' MSDS sheets and related data should be indicated in the pre-incident plan. Chapter 6 Fire Protection Features 􀀶􀁾1 Fire Protection
Devices and Systems. 6-1.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. 6-1_1.1 Common Causes of Sprinkler System Failure. An important part of 􀁰􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁩􀁮􀁣􀁩􀁤􀁥􀁮􀁴􀀠planning is to anticipate potential
sources of sprinkler system failure and to take action to correct any known or suspected problem areas. A fire protection engineer might need to be consulted to identify design adequacy.
6-1.1.1.1 Design Deficiency. This can happen when the water supply available is not adequate to control a fire. The water supply itself might be inadequate. 01" the sprinkler system
might be improperly designed for the facility and the commodities stored inside. Each automatic sprinkler system is designed for a specific occupancy. The original system design might
not have been adequate. or a change to a more hazardous commodity or storage array might have rendered a protection system inadequate, Even seemingJy minor changes within a warehouse
can compromise existing sprinkler protection. 6·1.1.1.2* Impainnent to the Sprinlder System Before a Fire. This generally occurs where a sprinkler system is actually shut off during
new construction or building renovations, or where an obstruction such as a rock works its way into sprinkler piping and blocks the flow of water. 6·1.1.1.3* Impainnent to the System
During a Fire. The system is impaired when any sprinkler control valve is shut prematurely during a fire. This obviously turns off the water to sprinklers. Well-meaning facility employees
or memberS of the fire department might shut the valve in order to reduce smoke or to control water damage; however, this action only prevents sprinklers from gaining conM tro1 of a
fire in its critical development stage. Even if the valve is turned on again later, the fire might have grown beyond the point where sprinkJers can control it. 6..1.1.2-Sprinkler System
Components Unique to Warehouses. 6-1.1.2.1 Rack Storage Sprinkler. This system is used to supplement ceiling sprinklers where rack storage configuM ration such as height, width, Of the
use of solid shelves would make control by ceiling sprinklers alone nearly impossible. 􀀶􀁾􀀱􀀮􀁉􀀮􀀲􀀮􀀲􀀠 Large..Drop Sprinkler. Delivers mOfe water to the seat of the fire because
of larger water droplet size. This head delivers a minimum of 56 gpm (2 I2 Umin) at 25 psi (172 kPa). It is significantly more effective in protecting high-<ballenge storage occupancies
than a standard sprinkler. It uses a O.64-in. (16.25-mm) orifice. as compared to a standard 􀁾􀀲􀀭􀁩􀁮􀀮􀀠(12.7-mm) or 17132-in. (17.8-mm) head. 6·1.1.2.3 Early Suppression Fast Response
(ESFR) Sprin. kler. ESFR is a new concept in warehouse sprinkler design. which is based on suppression of the fire, not just control. The ESFR sprinkler features a more sensitive 􀁦􀁵􀁳􀁾􀀠
ible element to make the sprinkler respond more quickly than standard sprinklers, and a larger orifice to deliver a minimum How of' 100 gpm (380 Umin) at 50 psi (345 kPa) per head. It
uses a 0.70·in. (l7.8-mm) orifice. 6·1.1.3 Sprinlder Control Valves. Sprinkler control valves are used to turn the water supply to sprinklers on and off. All valves should remain fully
open for maximum sprinkler effectiveness. One shut valve can leave a section of a facility completely without automatic sprinkler 􀁰􀁲􀁯􀁴􀁥􀁣􀁾􀀠 tion. During plan development. fire
service personnel should determine the location of all sprinkler control valves at a facility. Respondlng personnel should manually try each valve to make sure it is in the open position
during the incident. 6-1.1.4 HydraulicaUy Designed Systems. Most systems installed today arc hydraulically designed systems. Hydraulically designed systems should have a placard posted
on the riser indicating the specific design 􀁣􀁨􀁡􀁲􀁡􀁣􀁴􀁥􀁲􀁾􀀠 istics of the system. A piping system where branch lines form a connecting grid or where cross mains or feed mains
form a loop are always hydraulically designed, even though a hydraulic placard is not provided at the riser, Sprinkler contractors use a computer to custoru-design the exact protection
configuration to meet the the facility's needs. 1993 Edition 
1420-12 t'RE·IKC1DENT PLANNING FOR WAREHOUSE OCCUP/\NCIES This has become the preferred system for two reasons; (1) it generally requires smaller diameter pipes and allows optimization
of pipe sizes and fittings, which saves on costs, and (2) the griddcd or looped-type design of the system brings water in from several dil'ections, which reduces friction loss. 6-1.1.4,1
Spl'inkler systems that are hydraulically designed are not always adequate or might not remain adequate for the following reasons: (a) Contractors might install a system that uses every
available psi of water pressure available without aHowing for any margin of error. (b) The water supply can deteriorate after the sprinkler installation is completed. resulting in an
inadequate supply to meet the custom design. (c) The warehouse commodity can change to one needing a stronger sprinkler design than that which was provided. (d) The swrage configuration
can change to one needing a stronger sprinkler design than thal which was provided. A deterioratIon in the water supply might provide an inadequate supply to meet the intended custom
design. 6-1.1.5 Fire Department Connections. The location of the fire department (siamese) connections should be determined. The connections should be identified as to whether they feed
entire buildings, individual sprinkler systems, or standpipes. Threads should be physically checked fOT compatibility with the fire department thread. 6.. 1.1.6 Water Supply. Automatic
sprinkler systems for warehouse occupancies generally are designed to supply flow rates fi'om between 1500 gpm and 3000 gpm (6000 llmin and 12000 Umin) and 1O contemplate confining a
fire from 2000 􀁦􀁴􀁾􀀠 to 5000 ftt (610 m:! to 1525 m2) in area within the building. The actual pressure needed is a function of the sprinkler system design for each individual warehouse.
A sprinkler system's water supply should be capable of meeting not only the sprinkler demand, but also the demand for hose streams. There is a vital need to evaluate the water supply
and to determine if it is adequate for the sprinkler system design, storage. configuration, and the warehouse occupancy class. 6*1.1.6.1 Public Water Supply. The most common source of
water for the automatic sprinkler system is a public water supply. In some cases, a booster pump is connected to the public supply to boost the system's pressure to the necessary level.
6-1.1.6.2 Static Suction Source. A static source would usuaUy require a fire pump to provide the necessary water volume and pressure to the system. Tanks, wells, reser· voirs, and l-ivers
are examples of these suction sources. 6·1.1.6.3 Pumps. Where either booster or fire pumps are provided, it is important to note their size. pressure settlngs. starring arrangement,
and power and fuel supply. 6-1.2 Special Extinguishing Systems. A special extinguishing system uses some agent other than water for auto· matic fire suppression. Except for flammable
liquid storage, these systems are not often used to protect the warehouse itself. but they stili can be found found within ware1993 Edition house facilities, In most cases, they are
considered supplementary to automatic sprinkler systems. These systems include carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and haloge· nated extinguishing systems. 6·1.3 Alarm Systems. Alarm
systems are used to monitor the actuation of both detection (smoke and heat) systems and automatic extinguishing systems. Alarms for automatic sprinkler systems are usuatJy activated
by water flow. 6·1.3.1 The presence ofan alarm system should not eliminate the need for a followup telephone can from the facility confirming the nature and exact location of the alarm.
􀀶􀁾􀀱􀀮􀀴􀀠Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers are provided for immediate use on fires in their incipient stage. Extinguishers of the proper size and rating for
the expected fire should be distributed throughout the warehouse, Facility employees should be properly tt-ained to use extinguishers. (See NFPA 10, Standard [or Portavle Fire Extinguishers.)
6-1.5 Standpipes and Hose Stations. The pre-incident pran should note if available standpipe systems are of the wet or dry type, and the size of the hose discharge outlet. Small hose
stations can be provided and supplied from the sprinkler system. The pre-incident plan should note if these stations will be impaired if the sprinkler system is shut off. 6-1,6 Hydrants,
The location of all bydrams should be determined as part of 􀁰􀁲􀁥􀁾􀁩􀁮􀁣􀁩􀁤􀁥􀁮􀁴􀀠planning, including wall hydrants, private hydrants. aud pump test headers. 6·1.7 Outside Hose and
Monitor Nozzles. Hose houses and monitor nozzles may be provided in areas that are inaccessible to vehicles or at concentrated local hazards. such as yard storage. Their location should
be noted on the pre-incident plan. 6...1.8 􀁃􀁑􀁭􀁰􀁡􀁴􀁩􀁢􀁩􀁬􀁩􀁴􀁹􀁾􀀠 Warehouse emergency equipment and fire brigade tactics should be reviewed to ensure that the equipment and procedures
of the facility emergency organization and that of the l-esponding local municipal emergency organization are compatible. Hose coupling threads and radio frequencies are two areas in
particular that should be given priority. 0-1.9 Smoke and Heat Venting. Smoke control is important in warehouse occupancies due to the large amounts of commodities stored within. In
a large area, smoke tends to lose irs buoyancy sooner than it would in a more tightly confined space. This occurs because smoke cools the far· ther it travels from its source. In aU
spaces, activ-a.ted 􀁳􀁰􀁲􀁩􀁮􀁾􀀠 klers also coot any smoke in the immediate area of discharge, Proper venting ofsmoke and hot gases minimizes property damage and increases fire fighter
effectiveness and safety. The plan should note how venting can be accomplished and the location of any manual or automatic controls. Venting should be accomplished by means of automatic
01" manual roof vents. powered smoke removal systems, or available buBdiug features such as windows. ridge vents, or overhead doors. Automatic venting details should be noted in the
preincident plan. as this could affect fire 􀁢􀁥􀁨􀁡􀁶􀁩􀁯􀁲􀁾􀀠
􀁾􀀠 I 􀁾􀀠 Loss Prevention Data 2-2 December 1990 Supersedes May 1988 and April 1987 EARLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 SCOPE .....................................
................................. 1 2.0 INSTAllATION REQUIREMENTS •...•.••.•.•.•...•...•...• 1 2.1 General ............................................................... 1 2.2 Construction
........................................................ 1 2.3 Storage Arrangements ..................................•..... 2 2.4-Sprinkler System Design ....•.....................•...•...•.
4 2.0 Sprinkler System Components ................•...•...•. 4 2.6 'location and Position of Sprinklers ................... 4 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 􀁾􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀠
5 3.1 Characteristics of ESFR Sprinklers ..•.•...•.•...•..... 5 3.2 Applicability ......................................................... 6 3.3 Basis lor Installation Requirements
.................... 6 3.4 Discussion Relating to Specific Installation Guidelines ............. :........................................ ..... 6 4.0 APPENDIX-DEVELOPMENT OF ESFR SPRINKLERS
............................................................ 7 4.1 Background .............. ................. ............ ........ ..... 7 4.2 Theory ...............................................
.................. 8 4.3 Development ..................................... 􀁾􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀠 8 4.4 Retrofit Considerations ..................... :.................
9 4.5 Cost Considerations (New Systems) -ESFR Sprinklers at the Ceiling vs Standard Sprinklers at the Ceiling Plus In· Rack Sprinklers ............... 11 1.0 SCOPE This slandard provides
requirements for the installation of Early Suppression-Fast Response (ESFR) sprinklers and discussion on the theory and development of these sprin· klers. The ESFR sprinkler relies on
the concept of fire suppression. rather than fire control. Fire control is the basis for standard or large-drop sprinkler protection. The ESFR sprinkler has undergone extensive testing
and Is backed by much scientifIC research. As with any such product. its reli· ability Is based on close adherence to the guidelines established for its use. Many of the engineering
judgments appropriate to standard or large-drop sprinklers do not necessarily transpose to ESFR sprinklers. Use of conventional judgments for ESFR sprinkler Installations may not uniformly
transfer to this unique technology. Thus. it is important that the installation requirements contalned nerein be closely followed. 2.0 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS 2.1 General Installation
requirements for ESFR sprinklers provide ade· quate flexibility for achieving excellent economy while main· taining reliability. Data Sheet 2-8N, Installation of Sprinkler Systems. applies
for installation detalls not addressed here. Table 1 of this data sheet gives a summary of ESFR sprinkler installation guidelines. 2.2 Construction 2.2. 1 Roof Construction and Slope
Acceptable types of roof construction are not dependent upon the combustibility of the roof. Rather, acceptabllity is primarily a function of the roof shape and configuration, needed
to assure fairly uniform sprinkler response to a growing fire. ESFR sprinklers are not suitable for use beneath roofs that may prevent relatively uniform heat movement. thereby causing
a delay In sprinkler operation. 2.2.1.1 Roof Construction ESFR sprinklers can be installed in buildings with the follow· ing types of roof construction: (a) smooth ceiling; (b) bar joist;
(c) beam and girder; (d) penel, up to 300 sq It (28 sq m). (This includes ply. wood diaphragm roofs where the purlins andsubpurlins are framed into the sides of. rather than on top of
supporting members to eliminate open communicating spaces at the roof between panel areas.) Nole: Data Sheet 2-8N. Instal/ation of Sprinkler Systems. contains detailed information regarding
definitions of roof types. 2.2.1.2 Roof Slope Roof slope up to and including 1 in.1ft (83 mm/m) is acceptable. For roof slope in excess of 1 in.in.1ft (83 mm/m), a suspended ceiling
with acceptable slope may be installed above the storage with sprinklers installed below the ceil. ing. Sprinkler protection should be provided above the ceil· ing at roof level also
if the roof. contents in the concealed space. or ceiling are combustible. (See Data Sheet 1·12. Ceilings.) 
EARLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS 2-2 Page 3 Storage arrangements used during the testing to develop and determine water demands for ESFR sprinklers were generally symmetrical,
well-ananged simulated storages with uniform and well defined flue spaces, with the exception of One successful test involving irregular flue' spaces. The following storage area requirements
refieC! other con· dillons tor protection with ESFR sprinklers. (See also Section 3.2, Applicability.) 2.3.1 Flue Spaces It Is not necessary to provide flue spaces uniformly throughout
the racks. Minimum 3-in. (76-mm) flues in the trans· verse direction at least every 8 to 10 It (2.4 to 3.0 m) of rack length are sufficient to allow sprinkler water penetration through
the racks to the seat of the fire. Spaces T8blq. 1. SummSIY ofESFR Sprinklar Installation GuidfMines. Maximum 30(9.1) Type of Storage' Single-. double-. muhiple-row and portable rack
storage (no open·top combusbble containers or solid shelves). solid.plled or palleUzad otor· · age. and bin-box storage, Commodity Class I. II. III and IV commodijies, Cer!oned unexpended
plastics. CatIOnod expanded plastics, (All the above either encapsulated or 􀁮􀁯􀁮􀀸􀁮􀁣􀁡􀁰􀁾􀀠 sulated) Maximum Height of Storage, II (m) 25 (7.6) Height of Bundlng. It (m) Roof Conalructlon
Smooth ceiling. Bar jOist Beam and girder. Panal Onduding plywood diaphragm) Also. Maximum roof slope of 1 In.1ft (84 mmlm) No exposed expanded plaslic No automatic rool vants Sprinkle..
Typa: ESFR pendant. 165'F (74'Cj nominal. Location: 􀁃􀁡􀁮􀁴􀁡􀁾􀁬􀁮􀁥􀀠01 thermal sensing element maximum 13 In. (330 mm) and minimum 4 In. (102 mm) below coiling preferably 61010 In.
(152 10 254 mm) below ceDing. , K-F.ctar: 14.0 Hydraulic Design: Minimum 50 psi (3.45 bar. 345 kPal from most remote 12 sprinkle", flow-Ing 4 spmkte", on 3 brarlch lines. System type:
Wet-plpe (no dry'pipe or preaction). Speclng: 80 to 100 sq It (7.4 \0 9.3 sq m spac-Ing. minimum 8 It (2.4 m) and maximum 12 It (3.7 m) between sprinkle", or branch lines, He... SI"""1I8
W.'er Supply 250 gpm (946 cu dmlmln), 1'/./10.(38 mm) hose line•• maxfmum 100ft (30.5 m) to reach all areas. : One hour 􀁤􀁵􀁲􀁡􀁾􀁯􀁮􀀮􀀠 IOther types of etorage can be pratectad wtth
ESFR sprinklers when Indl· cated bV 11'1. __covering the pertlc!Jlar type of stomg•. formed by vertical rack uprights between each rack bay will provide adequate flue spaces. Spaces
nortn;!lly avallable 10 allow accurate loading of pallet loads will provide addi· tional flues randomly located within each rack bay. Rue spaces are not necessary for solid-piled or
palletized storage. 2.3.2 Solid Shelves Uke other ceiling-only sprinkler arrangements. ESFR sprinklers should not be used to protect rack storages that have solid shelves. (Sclid shelves
are defined In Data Sheet 8-33. Rack Storage ofMaterials.) Because solid shelves promote horizontal fire spread while simultaneously shielding burning combustibles from sprinkler discharge,
they are not conducive to ESFR protection. 2.3.3 Open-top combustible containers 'ESFR sprinklers"should not be used to protect rack storage of open-top combustible containers. Successful
ESFR 'sprinkler performance depends on sufficient sprinkler water penelration through the racks to the seat 01 the fire. This penetration is accomplished by direct water spray through
the flue spaces, as well as by runoff down the sides of the stored commodities from the top surfaces of the array. Open-top combustible containers will collect a significant portion
of the sprinkler water spray, preventing watar rundown to the seat of the fire at the lower tiers of storage. Conventional ceiling-only sprinklers are Similarly handicapped in this regard.
2.3.4 Special Considerations 2.3.4.1 Roof Height Higher Than 30 It (9.1 m) When roof slope requirements result in roof peak height up to 32 It (9.8 m) maximum, ESFR sprinklers may be
used if sprinkler design discharge pressure is 60 psi (4.14 bar. 414 kPa) rather than 50 psi (3.45 bar. 345 kPa) as outlined In Section 2.4.1. Maximum storage height is still 25 It (7.6
7.6 m). 2.3.4.2 Solid Mezzanines When solid mezzanines with storage beneath are Installed within a building protacted by ESFR sprinklers, provide ESFR sprinklers beneath the mezzanine
also, with no slorage placed between the outside line of ESFR sprinklers beneath the mezzanine and any edge of the mezzanine which is open to the main building area. Umlt storage height
beneath the mezzanine to 12 It (3.7 m) high and design the ESFR sprinkler system beneath the mezzanine to provide six sprinkl,ers (three on two lines) at 50 psi (3.45 bar, 345 kPa).
Water demand may be independent from the ceiling ESFR sprinkler system. 2.3.4.3 Conveyors and Walkways For conveyors and walkways up to 6 It (1.8 m) wide which can obstruct ceiling sprinkler
discharge, provide a line of ESFR sprinklers beneath designed to supply two sprinklers at 50 psi (3.45 bar, 345 kPa), end add the water demand lor the two sprinklers to that for the
ceiling ESFR sprinkler system. 
" EARLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS 2-2 2.6.3 Clear Space Below Sprinklers Maintain at least 3 It (0.9 m) between sprinkler deflectors and the top of storage. This minimum clearance
is neces· sary to ensure adequate distribution of water spray from dis· charging sprinklers over the top of storage Into flue spaces and down the aisle faces. 2.6.4 ObstnJctions to Distribution
2.6.4.1 General Effective fire suppression requires direct and prompt attack upon the buming fuel by the sprinkler discharge. Therefore, ObStructions to distribution and interference
􀁷􀁾􀁨􀀠the discharge pattem must be taken into account in the overall d!')Sign. 2.6.4.2 Obstructions located at or Near the Ceiling Where sprinkler deflectors are located above the
bottom of beams, girders, ducts, fluorescent lighting fixtures or other obStructJons located near the ceiling, position the sprinklers so thai the maximum vertical distance from the
bottom of the obStruction to the deflectors is within !he guic;lelines specified in Table 2. Use Rgures 1 and 2 in conjunction with Table 2 in positioning sprinkler deflectors. 2.6.4.3
Obstructions Located Below the Sprinklers When the position 01 sprinklers with respect to fluorescent lighting fixtures, ducts, and other obstructions wider than 2 ft (0.6 m) is such
thai the Table 2 deflector distances above obstructions are exceeded, install additional sprinklers beneath obstructions, and include such sprinklers in the water demand. Additional
sprinklers beneath obStructions are not needed when: 1) obStructions up to 2ft (0.6 m) wide are located below a single sprinkler. but not below two or more adjacent sprinklers (including
diagonally), or; 2) continuous obstructions, such as sprtnkler piping, utility piping or ductwork up to 1 It (0.3 m) wide are located below sprtnklers and offsat at least 2 ft (0.6 m)
horizontally from tne vertical centerline of the sprinklers. 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 3,1 Characteristics of ESFR Sprinklers ESFR sprinklers were develOped for use against high·
challenge fires with the goal of achieving lower loss expectancies. They may be economical with ordinary storages as well. The sprinklers are designed to respond quickly to growing fires
and to delivera heavy sprinkler discharge to "suppress" the fire, rather than "control" 􀁾􀀮􀀠as occurs wfth standard and large-drop sprtnklers. ESFR sprtnklers provide a direct attack on the bumlng
fuel by Improved sprinkler discharge to achieve ea1Iy suppression of the fire. Because 01 the effectiveness of these sprinklers, the need for prewatting storage In surrounding areas
and COOling at Page 5 the ceiling. as is the case with the fire control concept, is nearly eliminated. This approach results in a much smaller fire area and sprinkler operating area
than control-moda protection, making it a particularly good choice where there are high-value contents. It is important to realize that the effecfiveness of the ESFR sprinklers depends
on the combination 01 fast response and the quality and efficiency of the sprinkler discharge. discharge. Other sprinklers, possessing only one of these characteristics, cannot be relied
upon to achieve early fire suppression. Tabla 2, PosiYon ofDeflector When Locat9CI Above Bottom ofBeem or Other Obstnrollon. Maximum Distance OeHactor Sprinkler 10 Side ()f Baam Or Horizontal
Distance from Above Bottom of Beam or Other Other Obstruelion Obstrucllon, In. (mm) Loss than 1 n(0.3 m) 0(0) 1 It·(0.3 m) to less Ihan 1'12 (38) l'h·1t (0.5 m) 1'12 It (0.5 m) to less
than 3 (76) 2 It (0,6 m) 2 II (0.6 m) to less than 5'" (140) 2'" It (0.8 m) 2'" It (0.8 m) to less than 8 (203) 3 It (0,9 m) 3 It (0.9 m) to loss than 10 (254) 31;" II (1, 1m) 3';" It
(1,1 m) to less than 12 (305) 4 It (1.2 m) 4 It (1.2 m) to less Ihan 15 (381) 4th II (1.4 m) 4'12 II (1.4 m) to less than 18 (457) 5 ft (1.5 m) 5 II (1.5 m) to less lhan ! 22 (559) 5'"
II (1.7 m) . 5'12 ft (1.7 m) to less than 26 (660) i 6ft (1.8 m) : 6 It (1.8 m) 31 (787) ESFR sprinklers will provide excellent, reliable protection for those occupancies that have been
shown by testing to be suitable. As with any new technology, careful design and close adherence to the rules given in this data sheet are essential. Therefore, judgments Intended to
extend their use or amend Installation requirements may not be consistent with those attributed to other types 01 Sprinklers. The characteristics of ESFR sprinklers are further discussed
in the Appendix of this data sheet. 
EARLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS 2-2 been relaxed to 1 in./It (84 mm/m). An FMRC research project to evaluate rool slope effects on ESFR sprinkler operations showed that the
1 in./It (84 mm/min) slope represents a practical maximum lor the purpose 01 avoiding a skewed sprinkler operating pattem. The goal 01 any analysis involving heat and smoke vents should
be to prevent delayed sprinkler operation 􀁾􀀠the fire starts Under or near a vent. Early vent operation could pre· vent the buildup 01 the heat layer beneath the rool which is necessary
to operate the sprinklers. At the very mini· mum, when avoidance 01 automatic vents is impossible, mechanically operated types should be used with the Ius· ible elements rated 360"F
(1 B2"C) or more to allow sprinklers to operate before the vents. Plastic drop-out type vents should be avoided. 3.4.3 St?rage Arrangements The intent 01 this standard is to allow ESFR
use lor only' those storage arrangements and commodity hazard levels' where either 1) successful fire testing has been completed, or 2) a rigorous engineering study allows judgment on
the basis of lavorable comparisons between existing fire test using data with other types 01 sprinklers and the intended application using ESFR sprinklers. 3.4.4 Sprinkler System Design
Sprinkler system design criteria is based on results ollull· scale fire testing. Because 01 the rigorous approval requirements for water distribution and fire plume penetration, deviations
Irom the specified deSign requirements cannot be made. 3.4.5 Sprinkler System Components Generally, components that are FMRC-Approved lor sprin' kler system use are acceptable. 3.4.6
Location and Position of Sprinklers There are lour factors which need to be considered when locating sprinklers beneath a ceiling: 1) the sprinkler must be close enough to the underside
01 the ceiling to ensure that the sprinkler will discharge water quickly enough to sup· press the fire; 2) the sprinkle.r must be located far enough above the top 01 storage to allow
proper distribution 01 the water discharge over the area covered by the sprinkler; 3) obstructions located horizontally from the sprinkler which could Interfere with proper lateral distribution
must be minimized; 4) obstructions located beneath the sprinkler which could Interfere with both water distribution and penetration 01 the fire plume must be minimized. 4.0 APPENDIX
-DEVELOPMENT OF ESFR SPRINKLERS 4.1 Background The continuous study of automatic sprinkler protection by FMRC led to the establishment 01 a sprinkler optimization program initiated In
1966. Under this program, a study was begun into drop size distribution and the aerodynamiCS of Page 7 sprinkler sprays. This work led to the design 01 a large· drop sprinkler which
received its first practical demonstration in 1971 when a large·scale fire test of warehouse commodities was conducted, and it culminated in 1980 wilh FMRC's publication of installation
rules for large-drop sprinklers. In 1976. FMRC accepted a contract with the United States Fire Administration (USFA) to evaluate sprinkler performance in residential occupancies. During
the course of that work, FMRC engineers and scientists determined that fast response sprinklers would be required to maintain a safe environment in occupied residential areas. Consequently,
research with "fast response" residential sprin· klers was undertaken and an effective prototype was developed by 1979. The success with fast response residenlial sprinklers prompted
FMRC engineers to consider the use of fast response sprinklers for. industrial applications. Highchallenge fires were of particular interest. Since large-drop sprinklers had been developed
ior use against highchallenge fires, it was natural to speculate on the benefits to be derived from the use of fast response large-drop sprinklers. In October 1982, large·drop sprinklers
were armed with fast response (Response Time Index [RTll 50) links and a series of large·scale fire tests was conducted in double-row rack storage of plastics. In accordance with standard
fire testing practice, the ignition pOint was centered below four sprinklers. The result of these tests clearly demonstrated that a dramatic improvement in the protection of high·chal.
lenge hazards could be achieved by combining fast response with a sprinkler possessing high suppression capability. Following the large-scale tests, a series of intermediate scale tests
was conducted to study the effects caused by changing various parameters. In these tests, fast response large· drop sprinklers were not as effective when the ignition point was located
directly below a sprinkler. This problem Is caused by a hollow spot In the discharge pattern, located directly below the sprinkler. A fire started In this area may develop with little
hindrance from the sprinkler discharge. As the fire plume develops, it causes the discharge pattern to open up further and even less water will reach the area directly below the sprinkler.
The fire will soon reach a size where early suppression cannot be achieved. Although the extent of this deficiency was never quantified, at best the sprinklers would then act in the
control mode where the level of performance will approximate that of large·drop sprinklers having normal sensitivity (RTI 300). The benefits of fast response will then be lost. Obviously,
ESFR sprinklers must perform at an acceptable level regardless of the location of the ignition point. Largedrop sprinklers, therefore, were not suitable for ESFR purposes for the conditions
tested. However, the tests conducted with fast response large-drop sprinklers did prove that the ESFR concept was viable. Consequently, 
-----------------=EA RLY SUPPRESSION-FAST RESPONSE SPRINKLERS 2-2 Page 9 4.3. 1 Apparalus RTI Is measured using the Plunge Test Apparatus. In a plunge test. the sprinkler is suddenly
immersed in a uniform gas flow of constant temperature and velocity. The activation time determines the sprtnkler time constant. which ROO "􀁾􀀠 E . E 1111. N-Early Swpprt5$IOn. " E
,I < 11􀁾􀀬􀁣'􀁾'􀁾''􀁥'􀁾'􀀻'􀁾1􀀠 jn thl$ ZOoM 􀁾􀀠 11II1 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀁁􀁄􀁄􀀠 0 II Fig. 3. Generalized RDD·ADD concept can be used to predict the activation time in any fire environment
defined in terms of temperature and velocity versus time. The RTI value fOr a sprinkler is the product of the sprinkler time constant and the square root of the air velocity. . ROD is
determined using a specially designed water applicator in conjunction with a large-capacity calorimeter called the Fire Products Collector. The water applicator uses a system of small
closely spaced nozzles to deliver a known rate of water direclly onto the top surface of the burning luel luel array. The fire environment of a particular storage array in terms of temperature
and velocity versus lime is defined by knowing the RTI of prototype ESFR sprinklers and by using the Fire Products Collector. This information is used to predict expected sprinkler operation.
When this prediction is input into a computerized heat-release-rate 􀁭􀁯􀁮􀁾􀁯􀁲􀁩􀁮􀁧􀀠system, time to tum on the water applicator is known. allowing determination of the ROD needed
to suppress a lire in the particular storage array. By varying the water application rate in repetitive tests, minimum ROD needed to achieve earty fire suppression in a particular storage
array is pinpointed. ADD of sprinkler.! Is determined using a specially designed automated system lor measuring the water flux (density) 01 sprinkler sprays. The system Is comprised
of a fire source, simulated commodities, and an ADD measuring system. Using a precisely controlled heptane spray fire source, simulated fire-resistive commodities and a computerized
water collection system. the apparatus defines the amount of sprinkler spray that actually penetrates a lire plume and is depositod on to the top horizontal surface of a burning combustible
array. Heat-release rates determined from ROD testing are simulated. An analysis of ADD data is compared to ROD requirements to determine whether a sprinkler is capable 01 providing
an ADD in excess 01 the required ROD. If so, then early suppression would be expected in a real-life fire; if not, early suppression would not be expected in a real-life lire. The major
!actors that affect ADD and that can be measured using the ADD apparatus are 1) intensity of the fire; 2) clearance between sprinklers and the top of the burning array; 3) spacing of
sprinklers on piping beneath the ceiling; 4) sprinkter discharge pressure; 5) number of discharging sprinklers; 6) fire ignition location with respect to the discharging sprinklers,
and; 7) sprinkler characteristics. such as geometry and unilormity of water density and drop size distribution . .4.3.2 Full-Scale Fire Tesls Full-scale fire tests were conducted using
an ESFR prototype sprinkler. This prototype had been tested using the ADD apparatus and had been shown to be theoretically capable of providing early fire suppression in actual fullscale
storage arrangements. The purpose of the full-scale testing was two·fold: 1) to confirm the validity of the theory that a fire will be suppressed when ADD exceeds ROD. and 2) to establish
ESFR sprinkler system hydraulic design criteria. Both of these purposes were confirmed by full-scale tests, A summary of these fire tests is presented in Taole 3. Full-scale fire testing
did confirm the validity of the ESFR concept while simultaneously providing data to permit determination of ESFR sprinkler system hydraulic design criteria. 4.4 Retrofit Considerations
When evaluating the potential for ESFR sprinklers to be retrofitted into existing sprinkler systems, the lollowing items should be considered: 1. Because of the criticality of maintaining
proper ceillng-tothermal sensing element distances. and the fact that the vast majority of existing sprinkler systems use upright sprinklers, retrofitting the pendent ESFR sprinkler
to an existing system could require major piping relocation. 2. The presence of existing lighting, ductwork, etc., may create obstructions to distribution. S. Sprinkler systems originally
designed for high-hazard storages are usually more able to supply ESFR water demands than those designed lor low to moderate hazards. A ceiling system designed for use with in-rack sprinklers
would have significantly less capacity then a ceiling system designed without in-rack sprinklers because of the credit given lor use of in-rack sprinklers. 4. The most hydraulically
lavorable systems are loops. followed by tree-shaped systems and grids. 5. Calculations generally show that a system capable of providing 15 k=11.2 Oarge-drop) sprinklers at 50 psi (3.45
bar, 345 kPa) would also be capable of supplying 12 􀁫􀁾􀀱􀀴􀀮􀀰􀀠 sprinklers at 50 psi (3.45 bar, 345 k
Pa). I Loss Prevention Data Technical Advisory Bulletin June1W2 EARLY 8UPPRESSION./"AST RESPONSE (ESFR) SPRINKlERS FOR l!IUILOINGS TO A MAXIMUM OF 40 Ff (12.1 M) IN HeiGHT RECOMMENDATION
1. ESFR 5prlnkl.rs which ara',FactDr{M_ 􀀧􀁆􀁩􀁥􀁳􀁂􀁡􀁲􀁏􀁴􀁩􀁃􀁯􀁲􀁐􀁣􀁩􀁩􀁬􀁩􀁩􀁩􀁏􀁮􀁣􀁻􀁦􀁦􀁍􀁡􀁰􀁽􀀮􀁾􀀮􀁥􀀨􀁈􀁬􀁬􀁲􀀺􀁩􀁉􀁬􀀧􀁓􀀱􀁡􀁬􀁩􀁡􀀮􀁴􀁩􀁡􀁦􀀺􀁊􀁮􀀠40 ft (12.1 mJ high
bundlngs m")' b. usd 10 protoot 50/ld-pl/ed, fN'I/<Jtfl.eo and opelT'ftame tad< 510"'9" Of cartone<l unexpanCled plastics up to 36 11" {10.6 m) high In buncllngs up 10 40 It (12..1 m)
high, subjeCl to the foRowlng c:onQitions: a) CAUTION; Only 11'11:;'$0 sprinklers speolflcally f'MRC-Approved for u." In 40 It (12.1 m) hlgh buildings can be uSed. At thIs Ums, only
thlt Grlrmgll MQd9/ESFR·1 tfrfI Reliable Model H and the 􀀧􀁾􀁯􀁭􀁡􀁬􀁩􀁯􀀢 Ml)dl;/K1 ere FMRO-Approved fQr 40 II (72.1 m) bulldlng,,-'('he "AulOlI79tfc" Mode! K is only FMR(;..Approtn;d
for lIS<) in SO ft (p.1 m) high blllldings and Is not accBpla/Jle for 40 fI (72.1 m) high building appIIcations. When any oth.r ESFR sprinkler models becorn.. FMRCApproved for 4{) It
(12.1 mJ high building appllcatlons. nodce Will be issuea Imme<lll.rteiv. Onoe speOl1!C listings of ESFR sprinkle", FMRC-Approved for tJS& In 4{) It (12.1 m) high bullcllngs appear In
1I1e FMRG I'{Jprovq1 GUlde,lhat guide may be consuned for Information. b) Commodityhazard lim1lecll0 Class 1. :t., 3 end 4 commO<iitie. and cartoned unexpMded 􀁰􀁉􀁾􀁣􀀮 Allflammable
and co"", busbble liquIds attl exduded. c) Design thQ &y;ltem!O provide 12 sprinkler.; a1 75 psi (5.17 bar), piUS 250 gal/min (lI48LJmln) for hota stmame. d) 􀁾􀁡􀁊􀁤􀁭􀁵􀁭 spec1f111
betWeen blanch lines and between sp"nklers Qn branch I1nlil$ Is 10 It (3 m). with area Qf covet· age balween SO and 100 lSq 1\ !7.4 10 9.31iQ m). e) Orlterla for ob6!nJd1o"" to distribution
fIom both Data Sheets .2-2. Early Svppression·FaJ31 Response Sprinklers. and 2·7, IfIsfalfall()11 Rvloo fl)[ Sprinkler SyfJtBm!l Using Large-Drop SprlnkJem. mwn be meL 􀁾􀀠All other
em"",, from Oata ShN 2-2 apply. No deviations from lhe aJ:.x:I'Ie guidelines ,,"" permitted. DISCUSSION ..' A sertes 01 eight rack !i1OI'IIlle lire lests has been conQucted to determine
If adequate spnnlder prolecllon !Or cartoned unexpand.d ptMII<;<;10 35 11" (10.e m) In helghlunw a40ft {12.1 m) high ceiOog can be prtlIIfded byan I$FR spdnkler ¥. tern diseharsin9 I,lt
75 pel (5.7 bar). Three FMRC-Approv<>d E$!'R 􀁳􀁰􀁲􀁩􀁮􀁊􀀼􀁬􀁾􀀠were used: "AutoIlWlc" K. "AulomaUc" Kl and Grinnell ESFR·1. Sprtnkler spacing was maintained at 10 ft by 10 ft (3 by
<I m) snd sprinkler discharge pressu"" wa:s 76 p:;1 (5.7 bar). The test conditions and results ..... pm,,;ded in Table 1. The ftr.;;t fo!,!r teSlB were condUCttl<l to Investigate the
case wtth Ignl1ion directly below a sprinkler. The "Automatio" K "plin. kler WBlj !'!sea In Tel1tll1 ana 3; the Grinnell ES!'R·1 sprinkler was usee! In TealS 2 aM 4. In Test 3. the 61Dr.1ge
height was 􀀿􀁾􀀠II (T fI m) wiff115 It (46 m) ciearancp. from lOP of storage to the $prinl<ler. Thie!lN WIlS het het supprease<i wIlh ltUj "Aulo· mo.tion K 􀁬􀁕􀀧􀁦􀁩􀀢􀁬􀁤􀁾􀁦􀀧􀁾􀀠􀁲􀁥􀁲􀁴􀁮􀁾􀀠0.
2"o,,, thrct!' ie4te!.. the fif'6 ",.M A""':>J)1"'O.Mod 􀀧􀀺􀀧􀁵􀁾􀀧􀁾􀁊􀁬􀁜􀀮􀁑􀁲􀁬􀀮􀁬􀁬􀁬􀀩􀀧􀀮􀀠 Thre& addilionBlIast. _1Tit C;CnQuct.d!O InvQStlgate the case v.iIh Ignition centered
between two sprtnlders, using !he Grin· nell ESFR-1 sprinkler. The _9" height was 35ft (10.6 m): the dearanea between spr/nkltil<l1 ancl top oj storage was 3 f! (O.S mj. One taS! _ c:tll"!(!ut:Ied
wIlh a pluggad head at 6 fl {1.5 mj from e8l1lerllne '" the IgnHloo stack and the other with· 'out WT'f plugged heads. For the !eSt \\i!l1 a plugge<l head, the 1!re was net suppressad
and a lOISl Of 20 heaas opem\ed. F'>r th. \'e$!lng wilham any plugged head, the fin:: _ 􀁾􀁰􀁰􀁲􀁭􀁳􀀦􀁥􀁤􀀠with two 􀁨􀁥􀁡􀁾􀁳􀀠operating. Bec&1S8 of the plugged head test results,
obslruc!lon !O c!l8bibutIon criteria "'" mor" 0IrI"9"nt. Tho last test w"", c:onducled!O InveaUgale whelhertha "Automalle" Model K1 􀁾􀁰􀁲􀁩􀁮􀁫􀁬􀁥􀁲􀀠c;culd successfully be U30d within
the guIoe!lnes of this bule!ln. This test was 􀁾􀁲􀀮􀀠 -" Data Stleet 2·2 will be revI!led and proposals will be "",,,,,10 appropllale NFPA technical committees.. 􀁔􀁾􀁨􀁮􀁬􀁯􀀺􀁯􀁊􀀠AdVisory
􀁂􀁾􀁉􀁉􀁥􀁕􀁮􀁳 pmvldl!llnfarmatlon 101' II>SS ._1purpo..... TAB. reflect FaelOry MttlUal 􀀡􀁉􀁾􀀮􀁥􀀮􀀢􀀧􀁨􀀠COf'JIOl"IIIlon'" butludgment or 􀁾􀀠􀀬􀀢􀀬􀁢􀁾􀀠wh.... newn""" the nud
for II!$! dOli!, Or lul1lTor ",.ean:h wlllll\(o!y 1_10 """"' rori8lon. In _ral, Ih..y provldo guldeUne$ b:> 􀁾􀁾.ud \'tI1h judument. 01992 Faetoty IolutuaI Engl."" • .,. Coif>, All rig,..
_. 
APPENDIX B-SUBDIVISIONS 2. Water services for each lot shall be stubbed out with an angle stop to the location required as shown on the standard details. A meter box conforming to the
requirements of the standard specifications shall be installed over the end of each service. 3. Valves and fire hydrants shall be located at intsrvals of three hundred (300) feet in
industrial, commercial or local retail areas and at intervals of five hundred (500) feet in apartment or residential areas. 4. Should the subdivision or addition abut and use a water
main of the city. the developer shall pay to the Town of Addison a "pro rata" charge as prescribed by the pro rata ordinance of the city for use of the same. E. Other u.tilities. 1.
The developer shall furnish all easements and rights-of-way necessary for construction of electrical, gas, and telephone service to the subdivision. 2. The developer shall pay for the
number of street lights required in the subdivision as determined by the director of public works. Maximum distance between street lights shall be 'approximately six hundred (600) feet.
After acceptance of the subdivision, service charges for electricity will be paid by the city. 3. The developer shall be responsible for all damage to improvements caused during installation
of utilities. F. Miscellaneous, 1. The developer shall provide street signs for the subdivision. There shall be one sign for each three (3) way intersection and two (2) signs for each
four (4) way intersection. The signs will be ordered by the public works department and the developer billed a fixed fee for each sign. Such price shall include cost of the sign assembly,
pole and installation. 2. Sidewalks shall be constructed in accordance with the sidewalk ordinance of the Town of Addison on all lots Supp. No. 17 2109 
10.401·10.501 1991 UNIFORM FIRE CODE of 150 feet from a water supply on a public street. as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the facility or building, on-site fire
hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow shall be provided when required by the chief. Type 01 Water Supply Sec. 10.402. Water supply may consist of reservoirs,
pressure tanks, elevated tanks. water mains or other fix.ed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. In setting the requirements for fire flow, [he chief may be guided by
[he provision in Appendix III-A. Fire Hydrants Sec. 10.403. The location, number and type offirehydrantsconnected tca water supply capable ofdelivering the required fire flow shali be
provided on the public street or on the site of the premises Of both to be protected as required and approved by the chief. Fire hydrants shall be acce.<;sible to the fire department
apparaLUs by roads meeting the requirements of Division II. For fire safety during construction, alteration or demolition of a building, see Section 87.103 (e). Division V INSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE-PROTECTION AND UFE-SAFETY SYSTEMS General Sec. 10.501. (a) Type Required. The chief is authorized to designate the type and number of fire appljances to be installed
and maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This designation shall be based upon the relative severity of probable fire, including
the rapidity with which it may spread. Such appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class of fire associated with such building or premises and shall have approval of
the chief. (b) Special Hazards. For occupancies of an especially hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hal..ard of the occupancy, or where access
for fire apparatus is unduly difficult, lhechiefis authorized lorequire additional safeguards consisting ofaddi[ional fire appliance units, more than one type of appliance. or special
systems suitable for the protection of {he hazard involved, Such devices or appliances may consist ofautomatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler or water spray sYSlems, standpipe
and hose. fixed or ponable fire extinguishers, suitable fire blankets. breathing apparatus. manual orautomatic covers, carbon dioxide. foam, halogenated or dry chemical or other special
fire--extinguishing systems. Where such systems are provided. they shall be designed and installed in accordance with the applicable Uniform Fire Code Standards. 
BAS Realty Ltd. 1223 Crowley Drive Carrollton, Texas 75006 Phone (214) 245-0252 Fax (214) 242-8203 JULY 23, 1996 JOHN BAUMGARTNER CITY OF ADDISON BOX 144 ADDISON, TEXAS 75001 DEAR JOHN:
PER YOUR REQUEST AS ADVISED BY LYNN CHANDLER, BELOW YOU WILL FIND OUR CURRENT STATUS REGARDING VARIOUS SUBJECTS REQUIRED TO GET A TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY FOR MY PROPERTY AT
16400 MIDWAY ROAD. LANDSCAPE SLADE STRICKLAND HAS GIVEN ME THE MONTH OF AUGUST TO COMPLETE A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF OUR LANDSCAPING. AS WE ALL KNOW, AUGUST IS NOT A GOOD MONTH TO PLANT
AND GOOD PLANTS ARE SCARCE, HOWEVER, WE WILL DO THE VERY BEST WE CAN. FIRE DEPARTMENT WE ARE CLEARED AND APPROVED. BRUCE MUELLER REQUESTED TODAY THAT WE DIG A THREE FOOT PERIMETER AROUND
AND THREE INCHES BELOW THE FOUR (4) FIRE HYDRANTS ON THE PROPERTY TO MAKE OPENING THE WATER VALVES SIMPLE. THIS HAS ALREADY BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. UTILITIES BRUCE ELLIS NEEDS A MAINTENANCE
BOND FROM OUR CONTRACTOR,TRIDALE COMPANY. BRUCE WAS PROMISED BY STEVE WHITE OF SUBJECT COMPANY TO HAVE THIS DONE BY THURSDAY OF THIS WEEK. BRUCE ALSO REQUESTED A CONCRETE 2X2 LOCATOR
PAD CONTOURED TO FINISHED GRADE AROUND ALL FIRE HYDRANTS. THIS HAS ALREADY BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. JOHN, I THINK THIS COVERS OUR TEMPORARY C.O; REQUIREMENTS. PLEASE LET ME KNOW IF YOU NEED
ANYTHING ELSE. 􀁾􀁾􀀠 V. A. AHM 
------􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀮􀀭􀀮􀀭􀀭􀀮􀀭 􀂷􀀭􀀭􀂷􀀭􀀭􀀭􀂷􀀭􀂷􀂷􀀭􀀭􀁩􀀭􀀭􀁪􀁾􀁉􀀭􀂷􀂷􀀭􀂷􀀭􀂷􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀂷􀀭 --􀀮􀁾􀀠 --==----\liY-/;I-----􀀭􀁉􀀭􀀭􀀯􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀠 ____􀁊􀀯􀁟􀀧􀁜􀁪􀁾􀀺􀀢􀀢􀀢􀁾􀀠
._... 􀁾􀁾􀀭􀁟_􀀮_.._.... 􀁾􀁟􀁾􀁟􀁾􀁟􀀭􀀮􀀠 -------... 􀁾􀀭􀀭 __ 150"-􀁾.􀁾􀀠 .. r./7·Y 􀀾􀁾􀁾 .... 􀀭􀁾􀀭􀁾􀁾􀀭􀂷􀂷􀂷􀁾􀁬􀁬􀁩􀀠􀁦􀁎􀁾􀀬􀀠 ..... _. .. . . 􀀮􀀮􀀭􀀭􀁾...-...... -_. ..
f.F" . -------.. . -\c;------. -···-1---· --.....-..-. ·----1 . . . 􀀧J􀁾I􀀧 􀁦􀀩)􀀠 􀁾􀀠 .. "'-" " .··---bvJl() -y.--.... -.. --􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀭􀀮􀀭􀀮􀀭....... 􀀭􀀭􀀫􀀭􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭....----..I-....
·.• 􀂷􀀮􀀮􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀁟􀀭􀁾􀁟􀀽􀀱􀀷􀁾􀀭􀁃􀁾􀀠 -_. 􀀷􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀮􀁟􀁟􀀽􀀭􀁟􀀮􀁟􀀽􀀭􀀭􀀭 -_.--__.-􀁾􀀽􀀠.-__ 􀁾􀀺􀀽􀁟􀀭􀀽􀁟􀀽􀁪􀁾􀀮􀁾􀁾􀀭􀀮􀁟􀀭 . __._.. __ __ /--------._------,-" --.. ..-..---..-..•.•
_.._............. . _.....•.. _._._.._.}..-􀁾􀀠 ---.-. 
/V)\ , I . 􀁶􀀯􀀭􀁹􀂥􀂷􀁲􀀩􀁾􀀠 
BAS REALITY LTD. 1233 CROWLEY DRIVE CARROLLTON, TEXAS 75006 (214) 245-2542 FAX (214) 242-8203 FEBRUARY 23, 1995 MR. RON WHITEHEAD, CITY MANAGER TOWN OF ADDISON BOX 1411 ADDISON, TEXAS
75001 DEAR RON, I KNOW YOU ARE AWARE OF MY PROBLEM BRINGING AN ELECTRICAL POWER LINE OVER THE DITCH FOR MY FORTHCOMING BUILDING ON MIDWAY. JOHN AND CARMEN SUGGESTED I WRITE TO YOU REQUESTING
APPROVAL FROM YOU TO ALLOW ME TO PLEAD MY CASE TO THE CITY COUNCIL AT THE TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 1995 MEETING. I WILL SUMMARIZE THE PROBLEM BELOW SHOULD ANYONE LIKE TO REVIEW THIS MATTER
PRIOR TO THE REQUESTED MEETING. THE TOWN OF ADDISON, APPENDIX B, SUBDIVISIONS, ORDINANCE #261 PAGES 2111 AND 2112 PROHIBITS THE USE OF INSTALLING ELECTRICAL POLES FOR OVERHEAD POWER
USES. I THINK THIS ORDINANCE WAS MAINLY AIMED AT RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF WHICH I HEARTILY AGREE. HOWEVER, THIS ORDINANCE IF ENFORCED AGAINST MY MANUFACTURING FACILITY WOULD BE EXTREMELY
COST PROHIBITIVE TO ME. HERE IN LIES THE PROBLEM. BELOW ARE OUR THREE OPTIONS: 1) TEXAS UTILITIES WOULD UTILIZE AN EXISTING POLE AT THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE DITCH AND RUN THE POWER OVER
THE DITCH TO (1) INSTALLED POLE ON THE EAST END OF MY PROPERTY AND AS CLOSE TO MY TRANSFORMER AS POSSIBLE. WE WOULD THEN GO UNDERGROUND FROM THE POLE TO THE TRANSFORMER TO MY BUILDING.
SIMPLE FOR TEXAS UTILITIES. VERY LITTLE COST TO ME. ONLY PROBLEM IS WE NEED A VARIANCE TO INSTALL (1) POLE AT THE REAR OF MY PROPERTY. 2) IF WE CANNOT GO OVER THE DITCH, WE HAVE TO GO
UNDER THE DITCH. THIS WOULD ENTAIL BLASTING AND DRILLING A TRENCH APPROXIMATELY 3 FEET DEEP AND 2 FEET WIDE UNDERNEATH THE LIMESTONE DITCH. SECONDLY, SINCE THIS TRENCH IS SOMETIME UNDER
WATER, SPECIAL CABLE, WIRING, AND CONCRETE ENCASEMENT WOULD BE REQUIRED BY CODE. THIRDLY, WE WOULD THEN HAVE TO GO FROM THE DITCH TO MY TRANSFORMER (APPROXIMATELY 150') UNDERGROUND IN
ANOTHER CONCRETE ENCASEMENT TO HOUSE THE HIGH POWER WIRING. FOURTHLY, WE WOULD HAVE TO BUILD A MAN HOLE ON MY SIDE OF THE PROPERTY, SO TEXAS UTILITIES COULD INSPECT THE WIRING NEXT TO
THE DITCH. COST ARE BEING 
TABULATED AT THIS MOMMENT FOR THIS OPTION. I HAVE BEEN TOLD THE COST WILL BE ASTRONOMICAL COMPARED TO RUNNING A SIMPLE POWER LINE OVER THE DITCH. 3) THE ONLY OTHER OPTION IS TO RUN THE
HEAVY POWER LINES FROM THE CURRENT POLES ON MIDWAY TO THE REAR OF MY BUILDING WHERE THE PLANT IS LOCATED REQUIRING THE HEAVY ELECTRICAL USES. THE LENGTH IS ABOUT 700 FEET, WHICH AGAIN,
THE HEAVY WIRING WOULD HAVE TO BE PLACED IN A SPECIAL CONSTRUCTED CONCRETE ENCASEMENT. THIS WOULD HAVE TO RUN THESE DISTANCES. AGAIN, COST FIGURES ARE BEING TABULATED BY TEXAS UTILITIES.
THAT IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF IT. MY ONLY OTHER ALTERNATIVE WOULD BE TO PUT THE PLANT, SILO'S, ETC. IN THE FRONT OF THE BUILDING FACING MIDWAY WHERE THE POWER IS. THIS WOULD THEN PUT THE
BEAUTIFUL FRONT OF MY BUILDING IN THE REAR FACING THE DITCHES AND CULVERTS. THAT CERTAINLY DOES NOT MAKE ANY SENSE FOR ME OR THE CITY OF ADDISON. RON, WE BOTH KNOW THAT IT IS VERY DIFFICULT
FOR ANY ONE LAW OR ORDINANCE TO COVER ALL VARIABLES. I FIRMLY FEEL IT WAS NOT THE INTENT OF THE CITY COUNCIL, THROUGH PASSING ORDINANCE 1261, TO BRING THIS TYPE OF HARDSHIP ON A NEW
BUSINESS THAT HAS SELECTED THE TOWN OF ADDISON AS ITS PERMANENT FUTURE HOME. THANKS AGAIN. REGARDS, J􀁂. 􀀩􀁾􀀹􀀻􀀻􀀷􀀠 A. SAHM GENERAL PARTNER VAS/mh/
Summary water Surface Calculations Entrance to 72" RCP February 8, 1995 The flow characteristics have been analyzed using the THYSYS computer program developed by the Texas Department
of Transportation. The flows were taken from the Design Engineer's Report for the Addison Airport Drainage Improvements Project. The initial task was to determine the water surface elevation
at the entrance to the 72" RCP prior to construction. Based on the survey data from the Addison Airport Drainage Improvement project and on the topographic maps provided by the Town
of Addison, a cross section at station 59+17 (the entrance to the 72" RCP) was established. The western limit of the section is at elevation 614.9 approximately 85 feet west of the fence.
The initial analysis inCluded only the flow from the drainage area north of the section. This analysis considered only the slope of the channel and the flow characteristics of the channel
to compute the water surface elevation. This yielded the following: Q25 = 335 CFS water surface = 614.69 Q100 = 411 CFS water surface = 614.84 Examination of the topographic map indicated
that this section carried not only the flow from the north, but also the flow from the east that crosses under the runway. Therefore, the initial analysis is not a realistic scenario.
An analysis was made using the combined flows and the same section. Again, no backwater effects from downstream were considered. The initial computer simUlations indicated that the high
point to the west at elevation 614.9 was not high enough to contain the water. Therefore, an imaginary wall was inserted at the high point with a very small roughness coefficient to
simulate standing water at the edge of the section. The resulting water surface elevations are as follows: Q25 = 693 CFS water surface = 615.21 Q100 = 853 CFS Water surface = 615.37
This indicates that even with no backwater effects from downstream, the water was not contained within the channel, but flowed overland across the adjacent property. After reviewing
the initial results, John Baumgartner requested that the water surface elevation prior to construction be evaluated using a section downstream from the entrance to the 72" RCP that appeared
to be a constricting section on the topographic map. using survey information from the Drainage Improvements project, a section was evaluated at 280 feet downstream from the 72" RCP

entrance. This section was evaluated as a constricting section using the slope of the channel and the flow characteristics of the section to calculate the water surface elevation at
the downstream section. The water surface was then projected upstream to the 72" RCP entrance at the channel slope. This method shows the following: Q25 = 693 CFS HW25 @section 280'
dwnstm. = 613.22 HW25 @72" RCP entrance = 617.45 Q100 = 853 CFS HW100 @section 280' dwnstm. = 613.62 HW100 @72" RCP entrance = 617.85 This water surface elevation is also above the 614.9
high point elevation on the property to the west, indicating flow over this property. Of the three scenarios examined above, the last probably gives the most reliable information regarding
the water flow characteristics prior to construction. This section is very close to a surveyed section, contains all of the 100 year flow within the section for analysis, and represents
a constricting section downstream from the 72" RCP entrance. The projection of a 100 year water surface elevation of 617.85 at the 72" RCP entrance indicates a significant backwater
effect and shows that a significant amount of water flowed over the adjacent property to the west prior to the construction of the storm drain system. Determination of the exact elevation
of the water surface and the split of flow between the channel and the overland flow would require a more complex hydraulic modeling effort and more information regarding the topography
of the property west of the airport. The water surface elevation at the 72" RCP entrance has also been analyzed for the configuration after construction. The system was designed for
the 25 year and included overland flow as a part of the design. The first constructed scenario assumed that the 72" RCP is in place and no fill was placed on the adjacent property. The
water surface elevations with overland flow taken into account are as follows: Q25 = 335 CFS Water surface = 615.86 Q100 = 411 CFS Water surface = 618.74 The second constructed scenario
was done assuming the 72" culvert is constructed and fill is placed on the adjacent property to the west. This is the existing condition. This analysis showed the following water surface
elevations: Q25 = 335 CFS Water surface = 617.28 Q100 = 411 CFS Water surface = 618.99 The third scenario was done assuming 72" culvert is constructed and a retaining wall is placed
10' behind the fence. The water surface elevations are summarized as follows: 
Q25 = 335 CFS Water surface = 616.47 Q100 = 411 CFS Water surface = 618.86 It should be noted that all of the water surfaces were projected with the tailwater for the 72" RCP taken from
the initial Engineer's Report and the tailwaters were calculated assuming that all of the flow is confined to the 2-7'x6' reinforced concrete box (RCB) downstream. with part of the flow
being routed overland, the flow within the RCB would be reduced with a corresponding decrease in the tailwater elevation for the 72" RCP. All of the above scenarios show that some water
would continue to flow overland as it did before the drainage system was constructed. After initial review of these three scenarios, John Baumgartner suggested that the water surface
be evaluated using the 100 year tailwater calculated by the developer after the channel improvements were constructed. This tailwater was routed back through the drainage system and
included the overflow area in the existing condition (fill has been placed on the adjacent property). The calculated water surfaces are as follows: Q100 = 411 CFS Water Surface = 618.57
The 25 year flow was not evaluated because no 25 year water surface elevation was provided by the developer's plans. All of the constructed scenarios indicate that the water flows overland
around the pipe as it did prior to the construction of the drainage system. 
." .' .. ;' .... TOWN OF ADDIsoN PuBLIC WORKS To: 3cbltaaCA2/From: John Baumgartner, P.E Director ' Company: i£Dc.L r/lS<i2/_ Phone: 214/450-2886 FAX: 214/931-6643 FAX '#: ;:,//7·2kflO
16801 Westgrove ,r" 3 C}C' Date: ,) --( J P,O. Box 144 ' Addison, TX 75001 '# of pages (including cover):1 DOriginal in mail foer your request DFYI DCall me Comments: lRANSACTION REPOh.
MAR -3 -9 5 F R I 1 1 : 5 1 SEND # DATE ... v. T. NAME T n·iIE PG s.! NOTE DP @' MAR3 11 ; 4. ::':47'26$0 1''::5'' 4 I OK 
summary water Surface Calculations Entrance to 72" RCP February 8, 1995 The flow characteristics have been analyzed using the THYSYS computer program developed by the Texas Department
of Transportation. The flows were taken from the Design Engineer's Report for the Addison Airport Drainage Improvements Project. The initial task was to determine the water surface elevation
at the entrance to the 72" RCP prior to construction. Based on the survey data from the Addison Airport Drainage Improvement Project and on the topographic maps provided by the Town
of Addison, a cross section at station 59+17 (the entrance to the 72" RCP) was established. The western limit of the section is at elevation 614.9 approximately 85 feet west of the fence.
The initial analysis included only the flow from the drainage area north of the section. This analysis considered only the slope of the channel and the flow characteristics of the channel
to compute the water surface elevation. This yielded the following: Q25 = 335 CFS Water surface = 614.69 Q100 = 411·CFS Water surface = 614.84 Examination of the topographic map indicated
that this section carried not only the flow from the north, but also the flow from the east that crosses under the runway. Therefore, the initial analysis is not a realistic scenario.
An analysis was made using the combined flows and the same section. Again, no backwater effects from downstream were considered. The initial computer simulations indicated that the high
point to the west at elevation 614.9 was not high enough to contain the water. Therefore, an imaginary wall was inserted at the high point with a very small roughness coefficient to
simulate standing water at the edge of the section. The resulting water surface elevations are as follows: Q25 = 693 CFS Water surface = 615.21 Q100 = 853 CFS Water surface = 615.37
This indicates that even with no backwater effects from downstream, the water was not contained within the channel, but flowed overland across the adjacent property. After reviewing
the initial results, John Baumgartner requested that the water surface elevation prior to construction be evaluated using a section downstream from the entrance to the 72" RCP that appeared
to be a constricting section on the topographic map. Using survey information from the Drainage Improvements project, a section was evaluated at 280 feet downstream from the 72" RCP

entrance. This section was evaluated as a constricting section using the slope of the channel and the flow characteristics of the section to calculate the water surface elevation at
the downstream section. The water surface was then projected upstream to the 72" RCP entrance at the channel slope. This method shows the following: Q25 􀁾􀀠693 CPS HW25 @section 280'
dwnstm. = 613.22 HW25 @72" RCP entrance = 617.45 Q100 = 853 CPS HW100 @section 280' dwnstm. = 613.62 HW100 @72" RCP entrance = 617.85 This water surface elevation is also above the 614.9
high point elevation on the property to the west, indicating flow over this property. Of the three scenarios examined above, the last probably gives the most reliable information regarding
the water flow characteristics prior to construction. This section is very close to a surveyed section, contains all of the 100 year flow within the section for analysis, and represents
a constricting section downstream from the 72" RCP entrance. The projection of a 100 year water surface elevation of 617.85 at the 72" RCP entrance indicates a significant backwater
effect and shows that a significant amount of water flowed over th.e adjacent property to the west prior to the construction of the storm drain system. Determination of the exact elevation
of the water surface and the split of flow between the Channel and the overland flow would require a more complex hydraulic modeling effort and more information regarding the topography
of the property west of the airport. The water surface elevation at the 72" RCP entrance has also been analyzed for the configuration after construction. The system was designed for
the 25 year and included overland flow as a part of the design. The first constructed scenario assumed that the 72" RCP is in place and no fill was placed on the adjacent property. The
water surface elevations with overland flow taken into account are as follows: Q25 = 335 CPS water surface = 615.86 Q100 􀁾􀀠411 CPS water surface = 618.74 The second constructed scenario
was done assuming the 72" culvert is constructed and fill is placed on the adjacent property to the west. This is the existing condition. This analysis showed the following water surface
elevations: Q25 = 335 CPS water surface = 617.28 Q100 = 411 CPS water surface = 618.99 The third scenario was done assuming 72" culvert is constructed and a retaining wall is placed
10' behind the fence. The water surface elevations are summarized as follows: 
Q25 = 335 CFS Water surface = 616.47 Q100 = 411 CFS Water surface = 618.86 It should be noted that all of the water surfaces were projected with the tailwater for the 72" RCP taken from
the initial Engineer's Report and the tailwaters were calculated assuming that all of the flow is confined to the 2-7'x6' reinforced concrete box (RCB) downstream. with part of the flow
being routed overland, the flow within the RCB would be reduced with a corresponding decrease in the tailwater elevation for the 72" RCP. All of the above scenarios show that some water
would continue to flow overland as it did before the drainage system was constructed. After initial review of these three scenarios, John Baumgartner suggested that the water surface
be evaluated using the 100 year tailwater calculated by the developer after the channel improvements were constructed. This tailwater was routed back through the drainage system and
included the overflow area in the existing condition (fill has been placed on the adjacent property). The calculated water surfaces are as follows: Q100 = 411 CFS water Surface = 618.57
The 25 year flow was not evaluated because no 25 year water surface elevation was provided by the deVeloper's plans. All of the constructed scenarios indicate that the water flows overland
around the pipe as it did prior to the construction of the drainage system. 
VI' --..J <.J L,I YV 􀀱􀀮􀀮􀀩􀀨􀂣􀀨􀀩􀁁􀀧􀁾􀁡􀀴􀁦􀀬􀁴􀀮􀀮􀁊􀀺􀁩􀀬􀁩􀀠 FAx: J-d -q 31-bb 4-3 IA. PEARCE AND ASSOCIATES, INC. Janlolary t S, 1995 CQ'I$ultl1l8 Ellgtli4e.rI 􀁾􀁁 :; ,"'V
., Vic Sahm 􀁃􀀠 S & B 􀁉􀁮􀁶􀁥􀀮􀁴􀁭􀁾􀁮􀁴􀀤􀀠 --􀁾􀀠,VJi Lc-_ ,.J• L/1223 􀁃􀁲􀁯􀁷􀁬􀁾􀁹􀀠 􀁒􀁯􀁾􀁤􀀠 􀁾􀀠., I 􀀧􀁤􀀧􀂷􀂷􀀭􀀢􀀢􀀭􀁾􀀧 Carrollton, Texas 75006 RE: Coneret. Chlllrm'l'l
LIning nidway Roact, 􀁦􀁴􀁤􀁤􀀱􀁾􀁯􀁮􀀠 Dllar nr. 5ahm: 1 h.we rile.i v.d. a copy of • et.udy performed \:I)' TY3CY L. Te., -11, P.E;:', y",lat.ing hill findings concerning thOl .::onditlon.
which m.. >· ""ve eQuilled or cont.r1b\lt.ed to t.he concrete chilnn",l lining failure at. I:.h... referen/;.,d lo':at.1on, and pral!lant.ing PQllllilib!e aolut.ione to ;;!""v!mt ..maurr.nee.
The following iii! my 􀁲􀁾􀁶􀁬􀀮􀁷􀀠of hi••t.Udy: As we have dillQulIIiled earlier. and aa tlr. Terrill 1IIt.e.ted in h1", rliport.. t.he damage was cliuaed by w..t...y byp....1ng an
ax i!!!t l. n9 atorm .ewer pipe lo/;atlid on airport. 􀁰􀁲􀁯􀁰􀀮􀁲􀁴􀁾􀀠and flowing 􀁓􀁯􀁾􀁴􀁨􀀠 .!Ofig 􀁾􀁨􀀮􀀠 w••t. 􀁰􀁲􀁯􀁰􀁥􀁙􀁴􀁾􀀠 line of 􀁾􀁨􀀮􀀠airport, (al.o b.,1ng along
your 􀁾􀁡􀁾􀁴􀀠 􀁰􀀮􀁬􀀰􀁰􀁥􀁲􀁴􀁾􀀠 line.) In describing t.he conditione which wart. pYElv10u.sly .xi.ting at. tbat. locstion. Mr. Tarrill .tat•• in hie report. that the top of the
biilnk "whet! t.he pipe uae iniltal1ed l.I&a e ffi/w f",Slt, low.r" than t.he d ••ign headwater elevation, "allowing !JllltEir to flolJ overland west ,of the pipe." If t.hia w•• inda.d
􀁴􀀮􀁢􀁾􀀠 ca•• , it lJaa III QeriOU8 errOl", .1thar of 􀁤􀀶􀁾􀁩􀁧􀁮􀀠or oonstruction. !'II'. Tel'ri 11 fuy1;.heY et.at.e!! 1:.h8t tha o'irt.inty of ov· .101 by the 06lllign 25 y••r
yaSlr atorm "did not. or••t. a major pr.)blem'. 'ilnd th.t. '_;--" larger flQr.Js foY the 50 year and 100 yellr d"., 'i ",t.OYI'fIS would also ",Ii "11ttl61 dlul'Iage", Thia wall. c.rtatnly
'.:;C the time of ,:",nllt.ruoti on. b\i>OIlll\.liiill the land t.o the lJaat WOIiIi " ", .•,,'i,", 1 op.;,cl , howQver. 1-t· -'\iloulQ-be'::;orne moet ",mph_tie..lly falee I'ollo'.Iing
devel",pmar.t. of t.h. land. Aw 􀁹􀁯􀁾􀀠 may recall, at our 􀁄􀁾􀁥􀀮􀁭􀁢􀁥􀁹􀀠meeting at. the Ctty 0' Addison, City Bng1neer John Baumgartner st.ated that h. w•• alao of the opinion
that 􀁴􀁨􀁾􀀠wcet hank had b••n left lou et the time the pipe was in.t.lled. When I told him that 􀁷􀁯􀁾􀁬􀁤􀀠have b.mn either a de.ign or eon.truetion error, hil!! explanilt,ion \,IlUl
t.bat. it. wa. done with th. int.ention that it wO\.lld be correoted 􀁾􀁨􀁥􀁮􀀠the adjacent property was dev.loped. However, ae you 􀁫􀁮􀁯􀁾􀀬􀀠 nr. aaumgart.nar not only didn't. notify
you of .uch a neo•••ity 􀁷􀁨􀁾􀁲􀀮􀀠 􀁹􀁯􀁾􀀠began t.o develop tha adjacent property, but. had previously 􀁉􀁮􀁾􀀱􀁾􀁴􀁾􀁲􀁴􀀠 hhat th., fill dirt 􀁲􀀹􀁱􀁾􀁩􀁲􀀮􀁤􀀠for development of
the adjacant. property ba placed a minimum of three feet. to the We.t of the 􀁰􀁲􀁯􀁰􀁥􀁲􀁾􀁹􀀠 line, 􀁴􀁨􀁥􀁲􀁥􀁨􀁾􀀠 prevent.ing even 􀁾􀁨􀀮􀀠 possibilit.y of fill being placed where
􀁩􀁾􀀠might provide eny aasis1:.ance 1n eQrreet.ing th. defieiancy _djacent to thQ b.adwal1. Also, 1 understand 􀁴􀁮􀀮􀁾􀀠 􀁡􀁾􀀠 nO 􀁾􀁩􀁭􀁥􀀠during the reviaw procQs$ not during 􀁯􀁯􀁮􀀮􀁴􀁲􀁾􀁣􀁴�
�􀁯􀁮􀀠 of 􀁾􀁨􀁾􀀠channal linin; did h. 􀁬􀁮􀁤􀁩􀁣􀁡􀁾􀁥􀀠a 􀁮􀁾􀁷􀁤􀀠tQ correot i nacleq\.lat. bank hei ght. Qn the ai rport,. prQPlilrty. 3321 TOWEAWOOD DR.• SUITE 100 • FARM5RS BRANOH.
TX 75234 • 214/247-1353 • FAX 214!247-2eaO FROM 214-241-26eo 01-13-Q5 􀀱􀀲􀀺􀀴􀀶􀀻􀁾􀀠 il02 
2 fiG! I pol.nt.<i>d Ol.ll;. at. our 􀁭􀁥􀀮􀁴􀁾􀁮􀁬􀁩􀀠 al:. t.h... Cit-y, L 􀀧􀁾􀀻􀀬􀀢􀀱􀀮􀀱􀁩􀀡􀁉 t.Q 􀁃􀁉􀀼􀀺􀀾􀁮􀁾􀁴􀀮􀁲􀁵􀁣􀁴􀀮􀀠 III (11" .. 11'1&;" stru.;::t.\U'a that. prov idea
.. 􀀹􀀧􀀭􀀧􀀭􀁾􀀠 it. ulll nollvar rain hard l!I!'I.o1.lgh to flood it. Therefore, ,: ;!lOt II IJn,inaga fat;; 1Uty ovarflo\Jj1!, do.. not ne.:",.,,,,, ,EOd_ i flAdeqv$ t.il delltgn.
There 61".. however, <::9rtd 1'1. 􀁥􀀧􀁾􀀧􀀺􀀬􀂷􀀠 Sl'! <::riteri& elllt...blisrhed to provide prot.ect.lon from 􀁩􀀧􀁲􀀬􀁧􀀬􀁱􀁾􀀧 ... ,'ll!nd tt-I.;I>, . achieve .. coat. effect.tve
balanoGi b.t.waen c:ost. of '1d coat. of possible damage due t.o t.he probab11 1vI' ,-,-Among the most. basic of theJi!!lI! d.••ign paYllml!!t.Sl"jIj he th. !;lanK 01" a dr.insga channel
muat. be at. llla.t. .11 h!ql' wat.ar surface. OthQrw1ee. by d$finition. t.h. d••ign ._ It. 􀁭􀁵􀁾􀁴􀀠 be 􀁣􀁯􀁮􀁾􀁬􀁵􀁤􀀮􀁤􀀮􀀠 bailed on My. 􀁔􀀮􀁔􀁲􀁩􀁬􀁬􀂷􀁾􀀠 􀁙􀀦􀁐􀁷􀁾􀀠 B..umgartner't!!
.t..t.ement, that. t.he d.mlllgE! to the concl""'1;.& -.. th. Qirec:t result of en improperly 􀁣􀁯􀁮􀁥􀁴􀀮􀁬􀀢􀁵􀁾􀁴􀀮􀁤􀀠 drainagQ at whether 􀁴􀀮􀁨􀁾􀀠 error yas one of d••190 or of
conetruot1on, ia the r ••ponwlbility lie. with t.he Cit.y of Addison. Con<;:ero1ng 0011"1"6<;:tLon of the exil!!lt.ing 1II1t1,lIltloo, io h11!i n;,pb'C't til". Terri 11 pr••"nt.1I t.wo
possible mollthocls of prEiventing " 􀁴􀀧􀁾􀀢􀀧􀁾􀁲􀁲􀁾􀁮􀁃􀀸􀀠 of the 􀁾􀁹􀁯􀁢􀁬􀀤􀁾􀀮􀀠 neither of whioh do 1 f ••l would be 􀁁􀁯􀁥􀀮􀁰􀁴􀀪􀁢􀁬􀁾􀀠to you as t.he owner. Both option.
inolude relooating a port1on ot the drainage flow onto your property, and const.ruet.ing.. 􀀧􀁾􀁬􀁬􀁥􀁬􀀠 drainage ¢¢\lrae on your property (li06d channel or storm aawe' 'a) in ord9Y
t.O rali.ve the existing pipe and box culvert. 􀁬􀁯􀁾􀁾􀀠 on airport, propert.y. I If the 6x1.ting 􀁰􀁴􀁾􀀮􀀠 iw 􀁡􀁤􀀮􀁱􀁾􀁡􀁴􀁑􀁬􀁹􀀠aimed, 􀁴􀁨􀁾􀁙􀁾􀀠ehould b. no 􀁮􀁾􀁾􀁣􀁴􀀠 to
conftbruob • parallel drainage 􀁦􀁡􀁣􀁩􀁬􀀱􀁾􀁹􀀠 in oydaY to reli8VQ It. Tha 100 Y0ar 􀁤􀀢􀁡􀁩􀁾􀁮􀀠W3tSY eurface. 􀁵􀁾􀁩􀁬􀁩􀁺􀁩􀁮􀁧􀀠Qnly t.he exlwting ?2-inoh pipe, t. 􀁬􀁮􀁤􀁴􀁾􀁾􀁴􀀮􀀮􀁤􀀠by
􀁾􀁲􀀬􀀠 􀁔􀁾􀁲􀁲􀀱􀀱􀀱􀀠•• b.ing elavation 􀁾􀀲􀀰􀀬􀀿􀀴􀀮􀀠 The plaoement of fill around the headwall to an elevation 􀁡􀁸􀁣􀀰􀁾􀁤􀀱􀁮􀁧􀀠 t.hat he!9ht. will effeotively prevent l"eourrenoe.
at. a oon.iderabla lower coat 􀁾􀁮􀁑􀀠 without 􀁲􀁥􀁱􀁾􀁬􀁲􀀱􀁮􀁧􀀠the 10•• of additional land. The fill would be almost 􀁥􀁸􀁣􀁬􀁵􀁾􀁩􀁶􀁥􀁬􀁹􀁯􀁮􀀠airport property, but. would 􀁲􀁾􀁱􀁵􀁩􀁲􀀸􀀠the
removal and 􀁲􀁥􀁰􀁬􀀮􀁣􀁥􀁭􀁾􀁮􀁴􀀠of the airport. pounQary fanoe. All fill shOUld reoeive adequate compaction and be placed under t.he direction of • Yl!!gisterad aoils engineer, If
t.b. City Should f.el that. .levation 920.74 would be too hlgh to allow 􀁷􀁾􀁴􀀮􀁲􀀠to baCK 􀁵􀁾􀀠on airport prop.rty, an .1ternativQ .olut.ion would be to install a aaaonQ atorm ••􀁾􀀮􀁲􀀠pipe
p.r.ll.l t.Q t.ha 􀀪􀁾􀁩􀀮􀁴􀁩􀁮􀁧􀀠 ?2-inah p1pe. in ord.r to lowar t.he design bacKwat.er 􀁥􀀴􀁾􀁶􀁡􀁴􀁩􀁯􀁮􀀮􀀠 􀁔􀁨􀁾􀀮􀀠 construction would taka 􀁰􀁬􀀤􀁾􀁡􀀠on airport. property.
anQ would be a 􀁭􀁵􀁾􀁨􀀠 fthorter distance than would b. requlred requlred by r610eating t.he flow onto your property (appYoximately Be feet 􀁙􀁡􀁾􀁨􀀮􀁲􀀠that 400 f ••t), t am .nQlo.ing
a eopy of Mr. Terrill'••􀁴􀁾􀁤􀁹􀀠 for your informat.ion. If I may b. of any further assiat.ance in this matter, pleaae do not h.sit.ate to call. CS\1 􀁮􀀻􀁥􀁾􀁥􀁬􀁹􀀮n \u......t ( 􀁙􀀮􀁊􀀡􀁾􀀯􀀯􀀮􂂬
􀂷 Robert. 􀁾􀀮􀀠 􀁐􀀮􀁡􀁲􀁾•• P.E. FROM ZI4-2'7-2680 O! 13-9S 12;45 PM P03 
􀁇􀁲􀁾􀀠 r, Inc. 4100 Amon Carter Blvd., Suite 10B Fort Worth, Texas 76155 (817) 545·0891 FAX: (817) 545·0534 Greiner December 15, 1994 Y8024.62 Mr. John Baumgartner, P.E. Director of
Public Works Town of Addison P.O. Box 144 Addison, TX 75001 Reference: Addison Airport Drainage Summary -West Side Outfall Dear Mr. Baumgartner: Enclosed is a copy of the Drainage Summary
and some exhibits concerning the riprap failure and the drainage in the area we discussed last week. Please review it and let us know if you need further information for this area. If
any questions or need further information, please call. Sincerely, GREINER, INC. 􀁊􀁾􀀧􀁊􀁾􀁦􀀮􀁅􀀠 Tracy L. Terrill, P .E. Project Engineer 
Addison Airport Drainage summary West Side outfall Riprap Failure December 9, 199. The area in question is on the west side of the airport from the outfall of the double 7' x6' RCB north
to the end of the 72" RCP and the area of riprap that was overturned in the open channel adjacent to the storm drain outfall. The land west of the airport property has been filled and
raised significantly within the last few years. The riprap failure was probably caused by a high water level behind the riprap that was not balanced by an equal water level in the channel.
This resulted in the riprap being overturned. In addition, erosion has occurred along the fence line. Some fence post foundations have been undermined and others are exposed to a significant
depth. The water causing the damage is flowing around the 72" RCP running north of the double 7'x6' RCB along the west property line of the airport. This system was designed for a 25
year rainfall event. According to the Design Engineer's Report for the Runway and Taxiway Drainage Improvements, the headwater elevation at the upstream end of the pipe is 617.16 feet
if the 25 year peak flow is confined to the pipe. The ground elevation directly over the pipe is approximately the same as the 25 year headwater. The existing elevation of the ground
at the fence line and on the adjacent property when the pipe was installed was a few feet lower allowing water to flow overland west of the pipe in the existing overflow area during
high flow periods. This did not create a major problem because the water had a large area to flow through and therefore flowed at low velocity. The larger flows for the 50 and 100 year
events were similarly spread over a large area with little damage. When the land within this overflow area was filled, the area available for flow was reduced resulting in higher headwaters
and velocities. In addition, the toe of the fill slope is very close to the fence. This directs the flow along the fence line where erosion damage is least tolerable. Also, when the
riprap was placed on the north bank of the open channel by the developer, no provision was made to accommodate the flow from the existing overflow area west of the pipe. As a result,
the water from the overflow area gathered behind the riprap and pushed it over. The problem may be solved by removing the fill in the area adjacent to the fence to allow the water to
flow as it did previously with an outfall built to direct the water into the open channel. Another alternative is to add another pipe from the headwall to the open channel. In either
case the outfall at the open channel should be designed to direct the flow in the same direction as the 
normal flow in the channel or the opposite bank improved to protect against erosion. 
Greiner Job Adti/f;120 k"rpui: Proja<:! No, ______ Sheel Oescription __________ Computed 8y _____ Oate ____ _____________ Checked8y ______ DOI9 ____ 􀁾􀁾􀀠 -( 􀁾􀀠 "1 "l '-􀁾􀀠\I ul
'" 􀁾􀀼􀁴􀀠 ! I ,f I I 􀁾􀀠 'Il:: " 􀁾....... 􀀠 r-::: ....... 􀁾􀀠 " 􀁾􀀠 "" '􀀮"􀁾*􀀠 :;;: 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 \\ '-. "\;, \J c: ..:::::: c: ".":; ''"'" 􀁾􀀠 ;: -"" Qf I 􀁾􀀠 -+ 􀁾 r-,">
􀁾.. 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 S! 􀁾􀀠 11 􀁾􀀠 l\.l ?l ::t: 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠
PIOi.' /t2 a1f)Y1j £ht/!Jnelaf "L-7Xf I RCf ovitt/II Fa?",!} /Vorfl] 51 5 􀁾􀀬􀀠 tr i' " g 􀁾􀀮􀀠 V ferJc-e /' Top of /?';rm? svqqe",-reJ Ovev.f-/ow /􀁟􀀺􀁉􀀮􀁮􀀬􀁾􀁦􀀭􀁡􀀯􀁬􀁥􀁤􀀠by
pevefocer /oV'l-'t-«/1 CIJt'tr&r1 I) 'Z /.£V!)!jt'5 i-d Po rye:..:::c,';( --" /C FE Open c;.han ne.f vv+f!.al/(Otfuml) "'\. \ /\,;,.1 _ r-----0 0 "1l :r 0 .2. il? 3 m 2-7X/R{J? $ c.
'0 ! 0 􀁾 JJ-----􀁾􀀠 " II z 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 f 
• • -----------• • • TOP BANK EXIST. DITCH EXIST, 2 -42' RCP EXIST, 54--R.C.P. /NOTE:SEE GRADING DETAILS nilS AREA. I...I-_-:--EXIST. CONe. 􀁟􀁾􀀭􀀽􀀭􀁉􀀠 HEAD'vIALL 1\ ;--/n 􀁯􀁉􀀨􀁲􀂣􀀼􀀭􀁉􀀧􀁾􀁮􀀠
//////---15 FO -(-SEESHEETS 23-24. 􀁾􀀠 CONST. 8 L.F. 􀁾􀀠 W/CONC. PLUG) 1---1 1 1 􀁾􀀮􀀮􀀮􀀭􀀭􀀭 --/EXIST. HEAD'vIALL (TO BE REMOVED) >-IEXIST. 2-66' R.C'p. 1 1 a: /. • //11'/II /I
fI1 f'rtlve 0f//,o,S,'1c3 krn/r OY Redl,..",,,,,'! -filo...... /".p ..p/t;w I,., c h"pt hel. //EXf£1=-. LINE "1"---" 2-7' X 6' 66-R.C.P. -􀀸􀀸􀁾􀁾􀁒􀀢􀁏􀁘􀀠 􀁄􀁉􀁔􀁃􀁾􀀠 SHEET 2-7' X
5' _...-: IN CONC. BOX CULVERT (SEE SHEET 22' OF 30" R.C.P. @1.00% (CAP END 3' X 6' BOX CULVERT 1 􀁜􀁾 r VASIl)\<{_ • LINE "G" · ) I"1""" \..-VASI • •• .... REMOVE & REPLACE .... N 20°
23' W 􀁾S. Y 0:AVEMENT .... & .... • . ."'-(.. . """ • • • • •
JAN-05-1995 15:06 FROM r'EINER INC. 113 TO BAUMGARTNER P.01 f (,j--. :'I" 1'(./'. Greiner. Ioc. 4100 Amon c..rter Dlvd•• :Jult<> 1Oil Fort Wortn, Texas 76155 (8171 546·0891 FAX: (817)
545-{)534 Greiner ,._--_.,,_.. ""...􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀮􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀬􀀠 December IS, 1994 YS024.62 Mr. lohn Baumgartner, P .E. Director of Public Works Town of Addison P.O. Box 144 Addison,
TX 75001 Post·i!-F-ax Note 7671 To::[" hI'i B",. Aner CO./OePt. Pf1<>ro> • Fax , -, ....or -------,--Da'" !-5-fS It.gV'g Fro", -I (''':;1/• r'.-.B. fro 'II Co, PhonGfi Fax I I Addison
Airport Drainage Summary -West Side Outfall Dear Mr. Daumgartner: Enclosed is a copy of the Drainage Summary and some exhibits coneeming the riptap failure and the drainage in the area
we discussed last week. Please review it and let us kIrow if you need further infonnation fot this area. If any questions or need further infunnation, please call. Sincerely. GREINER,
INC. 􀁊􀁾 􀁴􀀮􀀻􀁪􀁾􀁦􀀮􀁅􀀠 Tracy L. Terrill, P .E. Projecr Engineer 
JAN-05-1995 15:07 FROM EINER INC. 113 TO BAUMGARTNER P.02 Addison Airport nrainaqe summary West Side outfall Riprap Failure December 9. 1'" The area in question is on the west side of
the airport from the outfall of the double. 7'x6' RCB north to the end of the 72" RCP and the. area of riprap that was overturned in the open channel adjaoent to the storm drain outfall.
The land west of the airport property has been filled and raised significantly within the last few years. The riprap failure was probably caused by a high water level behind the riprap
that was not balanced by an equal water level in the channel. This resulted in the riprap being overturned. In addition, erosion has occurred along the fence line. Some fence post foundations
have been undermined and others are exposed to a significant depth. The. water causing the damage is flowing around the 72" RCP running north of the double 7'x6' RCB along the west property
line of the airport. This system was designed for a 25 year 􀁲􀁡􀁩􀁮􀁦􀁡􀁾􀁬􀀠event. event. ACCOrding to the Desiqn Engineer's Report for the Runway and Taxiway Drainage Improvements,
the headwater elevation at the upstream end of the pips is 􀁾􀀱􀀷􀀮􀀱􀀶􀀠feet if the 25 year peak flow is confined to the pipe. The ground elevation directly over the pipe is approximately
the same as the 25 year headwater. The existing elevation of the ground at the fence line and on the ad1acent property when the pipe was installed was a few feet lower allowing water
to flow overland west of the pipe in the existing overflow area during high flow pedOO!L This did not create a major problem because the water had a large area to flow through and therefore
flowed at low velocity. The larger flows for the 50 and 100 year events wers similarly spread over a large area with little damage. When the land within this overflow area was filled,
the area availabl';' for flow was reduc""d resulting in higher headwaters and velocities. In addition, the toe of the fill slope is very close to the fence. This directs the flow along
the fence line where erosion damage is least tolerable. Al1'lo, when the riprap was placed on the north bank of the open channel by the developerI no provision was made to accommodate
the flow from the existing 􀁯􀁶􀁾􀁲􀁦􀀱􀁯􀁷􀀠area west of the pipe. As a resu]t, the water from the overflow area gathered behind the riprap and pushed it over. Th .. problem may be
solved by re1lloving the rill in the area adjacent to the fence to allow the water to flow as it did previously with an outfall bu;Ut to direct the water into the open channel. Another
alterna:tivl;> is to add anothe.r pipe from the headwall to the open channel. In either case the outfall at the open channel should be designed to direct the flow in the same direction
as the 
JAN-05-1995 15:08 FROM F1EINER INC. 113 TO BAUMGARTNER P.03 /.,.. normal flow in the chann@l or the opposite bank improved to protect against erosion. 
JAN-05-1995 15:09 FROM 1EINER INC. 113 TO BAUMGARTNER P.05 Greiner Job ________________ -______ 􀁾__of__ Compvted By 􀁾..... PrQject No. 􀁟􀁾􀁾__ Date ___􀁾􀁟􀀠 􀀭􀁾􀀭􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭
C!lecI<ed 8y􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 11 􀁾􀀠 I 􀁾􀀠 I , , ( 'S.'> '< I r-, I 1 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 "-'.SI-,:.,.., ",􀁾􀀠 ;!: () .... 􀁾􀀼􀀺"􀀾􀀠 􀁾􀀧􀀭􀁊􀀠
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􀁾􀀠 s'"o ""' Q, I:!:I. I,, 
JAfj-05-1995 15:08 FROM 􀁾􀁅􀁉􀁈􀁅􀁒􀀠 IHC. 113 TO BAUMGRRTHER P.04 Greiner ProjGct No. ______ Shoot __􀁯􀁦􀁾􀀠 DeSGfipli"" ___,________ eo"""""",8y Daw _____ ______.____. ___ Ch9Ckaday
0..101 _____ I ,I ..........t, 1 J 􀁾􀀠 .J;:: ( t \\ 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀭􀀭 􀁾􀀠)r: 􀁾􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀁨􀀠 􀁾􀀠􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 􀀬􀁾􀀠 '>l) 􀁾􀀠 M \' . 􀁾􀀠 '\-.. ..., 􀁾􀀠 \l 􀁾􀀠 \::: 􀀮􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 \) 􀁾􀀠 ;t "\t;, ...... 􀁾􀀠 "...... 􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 Ii II '" V, i£ 􀁾􀀠 ::t::
􀁾􀀠 􀁾􀀠 <'l;-􀁾􀁾􀁉􀁉􀀧 II' 
JAN-05-1995 15:09 FROM r"'j:EINER INC. 113 TO BFU1GARTNER P. 06 I fY}f'rtJve 􀀰􀁦􀀯􀀬􀁩􀀧􀁬􀁓􀁲􀀧􀁾􀀠 l ' 􀁬􀀿􀀻􀁦􀀻􀀡􀁤􀁬􀁾􀁉􀀧􀁲􀁾􀀮􀀺􀁉􀀠 􀁾􀀯􀁾􀁉􀀭􀀭 /» d,";c; . ".f 􀁾IQU; ; '"
eh4:1lI ;el. 30<'!?C 􀁐􀀢􀀧􀁦􀂥􀁩􀀱􀀬􀁾􀀭􀀧􀀭􀀧􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀪􀀢􀀭􀀧􀀭􀀽􀀭􀀮􀀭􀁃􀀮􀀭􀀭􀀽􀀮􀀽􀀮􀀮􀁾􀀽􀀭􀀭 , TOP BANK EXIST, DITCH 􀁾􀁾􀁾􀀮􀀠 -..---"" -------" I __ , __ _ 54" R.C.P. LINE "1"-"
W R.C.P. --" .----􀁾􀀠/NOTE:SEE SHEET 15 F , S-4 ( GRADING DETAILS IN ntis AREA. 􀁾􀁟􀀭􀀺􀀭􀀭􀁅􀁘􀁉􀁓􀁔􀀮􀀠CONe. _-.ll.-;::""! HEAn\.lAI l. 􀁅􀁘􀁉􀁓􀁔􀀮􀁾􀀠 6' BOX CULVERT 1\ 􀀩􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀁳􀁳􀀠
3' X I 􀁜􀁾􀀠 -"-_ r VAS1 1 r􀁜􀁾􀁟􀀠 • J I 􀀱􀁾􀁾􀀠 􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀂷􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀂷􀀯􀁾􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀧􀀴􀀫􀀢􀀭􀀭􀂷􀀭􀀭􀁾􀂷􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀂭 I N 20° ,; . . 􀁾􀀠
;. -----------, • (.. 􀀮􀁾􀀠 
------• • JAN-05-1995 15:10 FROM 􀁾􀁅􀁉􀁎􀁅􀁒􀀠 INC. 113 TO ) BAUMGARTNER P.07 I I 11';' /1 /[ fJ1 f' rtJve of'posd(J &.:t",k t:w ?􀀴􀁬􀁤􀁊􀀢􀁩􀀱􀁯􀀢􀀴􀀡􀀡􀁾􀀠 --A1t;7f,.f.-iit 􀁤􀁾􀀧􀀧􀀧􀀧􀁾􀀯􀁔􀀧􀀧
􀀼􀀱􀀱􀀷􀀠 //,p yt.'/P'V ;" 􀀮􀁴􀀻􀁨􀀴􀁾􀀠he/. /////I /LINE 􀀢􀁉􀀢􀀭􀁾􀀠 2-7' X 6' -66-R.C.P. --:------8&'"iR"OX P. (SEE SHEETS 23-24) . _----􀀭􀀭􀀭􀀭􀁾􀁾􀀭􀂭 E:SEE SHEET 15 2-7' X 6"
􀁾􀀮􀀮􀂭 ,DING DETAILS IN CONC.BOX ; AREA. CULVERT CONe. (SEE SHEET 22) D\JALL CONST. 8 l.F. Of 30" R.C.P. @1.00%{CAPENDW/CONC. PLUG) tJ.-----1 -• LINE "G" 􀁾􀁖􀁁􀁓􀁉􀀠• REMOVE & N 20°
23' W 􀁾􀁓􀀮􀁙􀀮􀀠PAVEMENT --ZtP'7J.. &. J. '------------------.... ! I I /. • ...----/
(SeE SHEETS 23-24) 􀁾􀀭􀀺􀀠 I !-----1 I I I II fa <0 II /. --.. j(---......EXIST. HEAD¥lALL (TO BE REMOVED) EXIST. 2-66'· R.CP. ••• JAN-05-1995 15: 10 FROM 'EIt"ER INC. 113 TO -􀁂􀁁􀁕􀁾􀀱􀁇􀁁􀁒􀁔􀁎􀁅
􀁒􀀠 P. 08 ///,/II I /////////2-T X 6' 8frgeR"OX 2-7' X 5' CONe. BOX CULVERT (SEE SHEET 22' CONST. 8 LF. OF 30" R.C.P. @1.00% (CAP END W/CONC. 􀁾􀀩􀀠 -􀁾􀀭􀀭 • LINE "G" "'-VASI • /.
& REPLACE , 􀁗􀁟􀁾􀁾􀁾􀁳􀀮􀁙􀀮􀀠PAVEME_NT__ !b. 
£/5'O-;z.J37! /'c1cf3 L/So 2'6'39 <f5O./:?;l;}. I </S-D -7z2..0 srt., -1333 721-j/Z 7 􀁳􀁾􀀾(. 􀁾􀀠/3 '3'3 .pZV-7/'1"-7 :;J.. 1'-.) 􀁾􀀭 ::z.syz
(214) 450-1200 FAX (214) 450-72()S 4198 Airport Parkway FIRE DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM October 31, 1994 TO: Ron Whitehead, City 􀁍􀁡􀁮􀁡􀁧􀁾􀀠 FROM: Bob Wallingford, Fire Chief SUBJECT:
Progress Report -Maxi-Lift ftC. Project (Vic Sahm) Attached herewith please find a copy ofa letter received from Carter Burgess. If you'll recall, this was the architect appointed by
Mr. Sahm to interpret the fire code as it pertained to the proposed structure on north Midway Road. I believe the letter is self-explanatory and is an acceptable compromise from the
original proposal. All parties were present at the meeting on October 10, 1994 and it should be noted that we still do not have a definite action plan from Mr, Sahm, John Baumgartner
and myself both feel comfortable with the response from Carter Burgess and are awaiting further communication from Mr. Sahm, If! can provide you with additional information on this item,
please do not hesitate to contact me. REWlle Attachment (1) cc: John Baumgartner, City Engineer 
... ;'//,rl1I, Carter:: Burgess Con,ultants in Enginecfing, An:nilecture, Planning ond lhe Environment October 24.1994 Mr. Vic SaIlm Maxi-Uft. Inc. P.O. Box 518 Carrollton, lX 75011..0244
Reference: Manufacturing/Warehouse Facility Addison, Texas Dear Mr. SaIlm: This letter is intended to outline the discussion held at the City of Addison on October 10,1994. lhe concem
outlined by Chief Wallingford was basad on the lack of a definitive action plan. In our meeting we tried to investigate the different options neoessary to move this project closer to
a resolution. Based on this meating it was decided that: 1. It was not clear whether an ESFR sprinkler system would be acceptable for protection of this commodity. 2. Grinnell was going
to investigate the storage arrangement to determine If this is appropriate. If this system Is acceptable, the draft curtains would not be required. 3. The Rre Chief is willing to accept
a mechanical smoke exhaust/comfort venting system In lieu of smoke and heat verrts. The system would require a fire department control station to operate the fans. 4. The areas where
high piled storage did not occur would have smoke venting as dictated by Article 32 of the building code. The storage areas with high piled storage would have smoke venting per Article
81 of the fire code. 5. Based on the discussions, the building would be separated into 4 areas by fire watls. The ratings of the walls would be determined by the building official. Non-storage
areas under 50,000 sq. ft. would need no smoke venting. The areas over 50,000 sq. ft. would need smoke ventlng per the building code at a ratio 01 1:100. 
'i5" ',735 6064 CARTER BURGE•. f4J003/003 ;Ar. Vic Sahm /October 24, 1994 /Page 2 S. The areas With high piled storage would need smoke and heat vents at a ratio of 1 :75 as determined
by the fire department. Drop out vents were not acceptable to the fire department. Discussion with the fire department indicated that the code required 300 cfm per sq. ft. of smoke vent.
this amount could be reduced if an engineered smoke venting report was performed. However, the total CFM could not be reduced to below 150,000 cfm per storage area. These fans could
be used as a combination oomfort/smoke venting system. 7. Chief WaUingford determined that the fans would have to be high temperature rated and protected according to Article 81 of the
fire code. Hyou have any questions please feel free to give me a call at (817) 7235-6011. Sincerely, CARTER & BURGESS, INC. 􀁾􀁊􀀮􀂣􀀧􀁾 Fire Protection Engineer OJ6 94157000.LD1 00:
Correspondence Chief Wallingford • City of Addison John Bumgartner • City of Addison 
I'UJLI'I.,)V" '" 11'1.L;. ,MJVrr;:''--___________tW'!(.}v:"__• FreE DEPARTMENT (ZL4) 450-1200 FAX (214) 450-7208 Post O{oce Box 144 Addison, Tutu 15001 August 23, 1994 Mr. VicSahm Maxi-Lift
Inc. -1223 Crowley Drive CarroUton, Texas 75006 Dear Mr. Sahm: Further to your meeting of August J9, 1994 with ChiefWallingford, please be advised that the Prevention Division was instructed
to further research the smoke and heat vent requirements and ESFR sprinkler systems. The information was complied and upon further review, the Fire Department's position on this issue
remains unchanged. . We would certainly welcome your business to Addison but you should understand that the construction ofthe building must comply with Article 81 ofthe Uniform Fire
Code 1991 and in principle, the installation of smoke and heat vents as stated by the code. The Fire Prevention Division has found nothing to support your request for the waiver and
elimination ofJhis requirement but has, in mct, found substantial documentation to contradict your proposal. Please note that at this time, the water line supplying the required fire
hydrants {a minimum of six (6)} will have to remain as a looped system. However, should you supply this office with proper documentation from a certified, registered engineering firm
that states the water flow from a "dead end line". non-looped system, is sufficient to supply an ESFR sprinkler system and support fire fighting efforts, this office would then consider
an alternative method. This would require a submittal of hydraulic calculations and drawings on the ESFR sprinkler system and related fire pump capacity. • . . 2Icontinued 
Mr. Vic Sabrn .Maxi-Lift Inc.. Carrollton, Texas August 23, 1994 Page2of2 Also, please be advised ofa further requirement which will be necessary for your company to comply with. The
Uniform Fire Code, Article 81, Section 81.103, mandates that any building used for high-piled combustible storage is required to have a permit issued by the Fire Prevention ....􀁟􀀮􀁾
.... 􀁾􀀮􀀭􀂷􀂷􀂷􀁄􀁩􀁶􀁩􀁳􀁩􀁯􀁮􀀮􀀠;"A representative of your company win need to make·application for thispenrut·after "all . other Fire Department requirements are met. Please do
not hesitate to contact my office, should you have any questions, comments or concerns regarding this matter. im Stephens Fire Prevention Officer ADDISON FIRE DEPARTMENT ......,. JOSl1e
cc: Bob Wallingford, Fire Chief Lynn Chandler, Building Official Carmen Moran, City Secretary 
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SPEOIAL CUSTOMER ASSISTANce TO PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES. FOR MORE INFORMATION. PLEASE 􀁃􀁁􀁾􀁌􀀠466·3120. SCtlVICE ADDflFSS 􀁾􀁜􀀧􀀮􀁩􀁬􀀱􀀮􀁴􀀢􀀠 􀁲􀁾􀁾􀀩 1m lAmT Ell:I. . I. . 􀁾UN􀁍"
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I FOR BILLING INQUIRIES PLEASE GALL 466-3120. AFTER HOURS AND FOR EMERGENCIES PLEASE 􀁃􀁁􀁾􀁌 486·3425